Abstract：
:A massive fire at a sulfur stockpile in the Western Cape Province of South Africa in December 1995 is estimated to have released over 14,000 t of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) over a 20-h period. High and persistent winds greatly reduced the effectiveness of fire-fighting activities and increased the severity of impacts. Nearby urban and agricultural areas were seriously affected. Thousands of people were evacuated from the nearby town of Macassar located 2.5-4 km downwind, and at least several deaths occurred. Agricultural impacts ranged over a broad area extending to 30 km from the fire site and included severe damage to plants and some animal deaths. This paper describes the chronology of the fire, the emergency responses, and the immediate impacts. SO(2) concentrations are estimated using dispersion modeling, and predictions are evaluated using available monitoring information. Sensitivity analyses are used to test unknown or uncertain model parameters. The SO(2) concentrations estimated in Macassar reached extremely dangerous levels, at times over the IDLH level (100 ppm). Predictions agree with the available but very limited monitoring data, as well as with the symptomology of Macassar residents and plant damage patterns. Procedures to deal with the limited information and variability in this fire and similar incidents are suggested. The fire is a tragic demonstration of shortcomings in hazardous material management and emergency response.
journal_name
Environ Resjournal_title
Environmental researchauthors
Batterman SA,Cairncross E,Huang YLdoi
10.1006/enrs.1999.3990subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1999-11-01 00:00:00pages
316-33issue
4eissn
0013-9351issn
1096-0953pii
S0013-9351(99)93990-7journal_volume
81pub_type
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/enrs.2000.4073
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journal_title：Environmental research
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journal_title：Environmental research
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.envres.2007.05.009
更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0013-9351(85)90116-1
更新日期：1985-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0013-9351(85)90076-3
更新日期：1985-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.023
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.envres.2020.110022
更新日期：2020-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0013-9351(84)90037-9
更新日期：1984-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.envres.2010.05.009
更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.envres.2005.09.005
更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.015
更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
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更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0013-9351(86)80070-6
更新日期：1986-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/enrs.1997.3742
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.envres.2015.12.012
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.envres.2020.109365
更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0013-9351(87)80059-2
更新日期：1987-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.envres.2015.05.028
更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.058
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environmental research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.038
更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00
