Abstract:
:Sensitization rates are influenced by sex and age. Crude rates from different departments cannot be compared without taking into account these variables. However, the influence of sex and age has never been considered quantitatively. In 2 hypothetical populations with identical age-specific sensitizations rates, but differing age distributions, the influence of age on the overall sensitization rate (crude rate) is demonstrated. Furthermore, by an abstract reflection on rates, the influence of the proportions of a population category (e.g., age) on crude rates is shown (crude rate = sigma (category-specific rate x proportion of population in category)). To account for differing distributions of sex and age, we propose 2 ways. Sex-specific rates should be presented separately. Age-specific rates should be standardized. The standard rate is defined as: SR = sigma (category specific rate x proportion of standard population in category). Using a standard population with a rectangular structure (i.e., with equal proportions in each of the category (age) specific groups), the standardized rate is the arithmetic average of the category (age) specific rate. Only for simple routine evaluations can a standard population with 2 equal groups be used, namely over 39 years and under 40 years. The standardized rate can easily be calculated as SR: (positive rate (%under 40 + positive rate (%) over 39)/2. The general rule should be to use a "rectangular" standard population with 9 age groups of a 10-year sequence. By using the standardization procedure; remaining differences found in different departments can no longer be attributed to age and sex. Other factors, such as selection of patients or real epidemiological differences, can then be discussed. The application of population-adjusted frequency of sensitization (PAFS) in any publication on prevalences of sensitization is highly recommended.
journal_name
Contact Dermatitisjournal_title
Contact dermatitisauthors
Schnuch Adoi
10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02236.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1996-06-01 00:00:00pages
377-82issue
6eissn
0105-1873issn
1600-0536journal_volume
34pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Patch testing with chemical irritants almost always produces a striking variability in the intensity of reaction between individuals, even amongst normal, healthy subjects. Whilst there have been many attempts to define factors which predispose to heightened or, conversely, to diminished reactivity, the underlying cel...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.470503.x
更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Whilst patch testing with corticosteroids in ethanol is more sensitive than either petrolatum or the cream formulation, the frequency of false-negative reactions is not known. We have compared patch testing with corticosteroid at 1% in ethanol with intradermal (i.d.) tests using 1 mg corticosteroid suspended in normal...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00393.x
更新日期:1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The diagnostic approach to drug hypersensitivity includes a detailed medical history, clinical examination, and skin testing and/or oral challenge with a culprit or alternative drug, depending on the type of reaction and the suspected drugs. Although skin testing is considered to be rather safe, cutaneous an...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/cod.12956
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Toys are a reflection of the compounds used frequently in manufacturing. Allergic contact dermatitis to potties, metal toys, and children's jewelry is well known, however, there is a broad range of skin risks in toys. With the objective to identify and publicize the associated risk of contact dermatitis in children's ...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/cod.13500
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Contact allergy to dental allergens is a well-studied subject, more so among dental professionals than dental patients. 1632 subjects had been patch tested to either the dental patient series or dental personnel series at the department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Malmö, Sweden. Positive patch tests...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2006.00922.x
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this study of 152 women, comparison of patch test responses between 2 irritants over 96 h at 2 symmetrical anatomical sites is studied. 2 irritants, each at 4 different concentrations (nonanoic acid (NAA) 80%, 40%, 20%, 10%; sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) 3%, 2%, 1% and 0.5%) and using propan-1ol and 'water for inject...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05916.x
更新日期:1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::118 consecutive patients were photopatch tested with 5J UVA and 10mJ UVB. In addition, day 7 readings were taken. Testing with UVB and performing late readings conferred no advantage. The current recommendations of the British Photodermatology Group regarding photopatch testing remain the most recent guide to photopat...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.440502.x
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::2 groups of patients were patch tested with a standard series of allergens. 1 group of 159 individuals aged 24-44 years had a history of severe atopic dermatitis, and the other group of 130 individuals in the same age range, had had moderate atopic dermatitis in childhood. In group 1, positive reactions were recorded ...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1985.tb02483.x
更新日期:1985-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Plants from the Verbenaceae family may cause contact dermatitis of unknown nature. This report describes 2 cases of allergic reactions to the Verbena species. A teenage boy developed an anaphylactic allergic response following contact with the leaves of Verbena hybrida. Characterization of the patient's specific IgE r...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1995.tb02049.x
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Background. Two readings of patch test reactions are recommended. Objectives. To evaluate the outcome of a second patch test reading of TRUE Test® allergens on D6/7 in relation to negative or doubtful reactions on D3/4. Methods. This was a retrospective investigation of patch test data from January 1992 to October 201...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/cod.12004
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The development of topical drug products requires testing for skin toxicology reactions. A variety of patch test systems are available with which chemicals are applied to skin. The purpose of this study was to determine the skin absorption of paraphenylenediamine (PPDA) from a variety of such systems. [14C]-PPDA (1% p...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1987.tb02701.x
更新日期:1987-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Contact allergy to corticosteroids now seems frequent among patients being patch tested. As corticosteroids are intrinsically anti-inflammatory, we investigated whether patch tests with a potent corticosteroid might suppress simultaneous adjacent patch test reactions to another allergen. Nickel-sensitive subjects were...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1995.tb00809.x
更新日期:1995-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The prevalence of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) sensitization is 4% in the patch tested population and varies between zero and 1.5% in the general population. Hair dye is a recognised sensitization source. OBJECTIVES:To define the prevalence rates of PPD sensitization in the general and patch tested populations ...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/cod.12354
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) is an azo compound which has been used as a radical chain initiator. The purpose of this study was to confirm contact sensitivity to AAPH in individuals who were engaged in the production of AAPH, and presented with prolonged eczematous eruptions mainly on exposed a...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05803.x
更新日期:1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Of 240 patients treated with 1% tromantadine hydrochloride ointment, 20 showed local irritation, of which 12 were due to contact allergy as demonstrated by patch testing. ...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1976.tb03049.x
更新日期:1976-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The patch test is considered to be the gold standard for diagnosing nickel (Ni) allergy. The lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) can also be used to detect Ni sensitization. However, little is known about the correlation between patch test and LTT reactions to Ni. OBJECTIVE:To establish and validate an LTT...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/cod.12751
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dendropanax trifidus Makino (family Araliaceae, syn. Gilibertia trifida Makino) has been reported as causing allergic contact dermatitis in Japan. To identify the major allergen, fractionated extracts of fresh leaves of Dendropanax trifidus were patch tested on 2 patients with hypersensitivity to the plant. Cis-9,17-o...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00212.x
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Twelve standard textile dyes were analyzed using thin layer chromatography and studied comparatively with dyes supposed to be chemically similar, having the same Colour Index number or Registration Code. According to the chromatograms, Disperse Yellow 3, Disperse Orange 1, Disperse Orange 3 and Disperse Orange 13 seem...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb05281.x
更新日期:1986-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The correct concentration and vehicle for patch testing with corticosteroids is in many instances not known. The results of this study suggest that 1% in ethanol should be the initial choice, unless it can be shown that petrolatum as a vehicle is as sensitive (tixocortol pivalate and budesonide). We could find no evid...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02212.x
更新日期:1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In our Department, the incidence of sensitization to cobalt has more than doubled in the last 5 years. 28% of cobalt-sensitive patients showed no other sensitivity. Of isolated cobalt sensitive patients, 68% were housewives. We determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with a graphite camera, the cobalt and ni...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1987.tb01407.x
更新日期:1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Quercetin is a bioflavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of quercetin on acute skin irritation, with special interest in the skin barrier function recovery. Acute irritant contact dermatitis was induced in 15 patients by 24-h occlusion of 2% sodiu...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2000.042002085.x
更新日期:2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reactivity of white and hispanic skin after exposure to sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) has been investigated. The tests were performed on the back as follows: untreated skin, skin pre-treated with short-term occlusion and delipidized skin. Irritant reactions were induced by applying 0.5% and 2.0% SLS via Finn chamber pa...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1988.tb05512.x
更新日期:1988-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A way of adapting a treatment room for patch test purposes is described. ...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1975.tb05362.x
更新日期:1975-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Frictional hyperkeratotic hand dermatitis (FHHD) is an unusual form of chronic eczema relating to repeated frictional trauma. This form of hand eczema is often occupationally related and recalcitrant to therapy. We describe the case of FHHD in a 48-year-old dermatologic surgeon. The eruption was resistant to all topic...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01152.x
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This is a study of occupational skin disease among military personnel and conscripts in Singapore. All military personnel and conscripts diagnosed with occupational dermatoses in the National Skin Centre, Singapore, between 1989-1999 were studied retrospectively. Conscripts and regulars comprised 7.3% of all occupatio...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.440206.x
更新日期:2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::To test the screening value of the sesquiterpene lactone (SL) mix in Europe today and describe epidemiological and clinical features of Compositae-sensitive patients, the SL mix 0.1% pet. was included in the standard patch test series in 11 European clinics. 10,695 patients were tested, and 106 (1%) had positive react...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb05994.x
更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study presents a profile of patients with chronic recalcitrant eczematous disease referred by dermatologists for contact allergy evaluation. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and irritant responses were carefully defined, as was the presence or absence of atopy obtained by history. Of 410 patients studied, 44% ha...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02143.x
更新日期:1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The influence of "accelerants" on the percutaneous absorption of 3 organic solvents (butanol, toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane) was investigated in the guinea pig. DMSO in binary and ternary mixtures with various concentrations, the result of adding 0.1 M C18 fatty acids, and of pretreatment with DMSO and olive oil, wer...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1989.tb04748.x
更新日期:1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of our study was to investigate the risk and characteristics of self-reported skin diseases among hydrotherapists. We attempted to contact 400 adults who participated in 1 of 2 training courses. 248 were reached and 190 of them (76.6%) completed the questionnaires. The data were collected by means of a telepho...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00699.x
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::As one step in defining the clinical relevance of exposure to an allergen identified with patch testing, use tests (provocative use test (PUT), and repeated open application test (ROAT)) have been used. In 1/2 of the cases of seemingly reliable patch tests, use tests are negative, suggesting that the patient's biologi...
journal_title:Contact dermatitis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2000.043001001.x
更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00