Abstract:
:Although many deaths occur annually from heroin intoxication, the presence of heroin has not been reported in postmortem tissues. Recognizing heroin's susceptibility to rapid chemical and metabolic hydrolysis, extraction procedures were developed for the efficient recovery of heroin, 6-acetylmorphine, and morphine from postmortem tissue utilizing solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. From heroin-related deaths, 21 sets of blood and urine specimens were collected. The mode of death in these cases was categorized as rapid, delayed, or undetermined. Compared with delayed deaths, rapid deaths were characterized by the following trends: higher mean concentrations of 6-acetylmorphine, free morphine, and total opiates in blood; a higher ratio of free morphine concentrations to total opiate concentrations in blood; lower mean concentrations of 6-acetylmorphine and morphine in urine; greater likelihood of 6-acetylmorphine detection in blood; and lesser likelihood of heroin detection in urine. The study also included analysis of multiple tissue specimens from two subjects who died of heroin intoxication. Heroin was identified in urine and injection-site tissue. Concentrations of 6-acetylmorphine in cerebrospinal fluid, spleen, and brain were substantially higher than in blood, liver, lung, and kidney. All specimens were positive for morphine. Heroin metabolites were detected in hair specimens. The identification of heroin and 6-acetylmorphine in biological tissues effectively established the presence of heroin in cases of acute narcotic intoxication. These studies demonstrated that measurement of heroin and its metabolites provides useful information for the differential diagnosis of heroin-related deaths.
journal_name
J Anal Toxicoljournal_title
Journal of analytical toxicologyauthors
Goldberger BA,Cone EJ,Grant TM,Caplan YH,Levine BS,Smialek JEdoi
10.1093/jat/18.1.22subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1994-01-01 00:00:00pages
22-8issue
1eissn
0146-4760issn
1945-2403journal_volume
18pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Synthetic cannabinoids emerged on the designer drug market in recent years due to their ability to produce cannabis-like effects without the risk of detection by traditional drug testing techniques such as immunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. As government agencies work to schedule existing synthetic ...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/bkv137
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Calibration model selection is required for all quantitative methods in toxicology and more broadly in bioanalysis. This typically involves selecting the equation order (quadratic or linear) and weighting factor correctly modelizing the data. A mis-selection of the calibration model will generate lower quality control...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/bkx001
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of D,L-methadone (MD) and its metabolites, D,L-2-ethyl-1,5-dimethyl-3, 3-diphenylpyrrolinium (EDDP) and D,L-2-ethyl-5-methyl-3, 3-diphenyl-1-pyrroline (EMDP), in hair has been developed. Deuterated internal standards of MD, EMDP, and EDDP were added to...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/20.6.355
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Four kinds of volatile anesthetics (halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane) that were dissolved in 3 microL of experimental plasma samples were examined by the pulse-heating gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method, and this approach was found to be reliable for qualitative and quantitative analysis. T...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/19.2.115
更新日期:1995-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A method for the determination of seven polychlorinated biphenyl residues in plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed. The analytes were isolated from human plasma by liquid-liquid extraction, followed by solid-phase extraction, and separation on an HP5 Trace column. Ionization mode was electronic ...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/27.2.74
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The collection and analysis of drugs in oral fluid (OF) at the roadside has become more feasible with the introduction of portable testing devices such as the Alere™ DDS®2 Mobile Test System (DDS®2). The objective of this study was to compare the on-site results for the DDS®2 to laboratory-based confirmatory assays wi...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/bkx105
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A gas-chromatographic analysis of vinylidene chloride (1,1-dichloroethylene) is presented. Vinylidene chloride was sampled by adsorbing on activated carbon. It was desorbed with carbon disulfide. The desorption efficiency was 97.2 +/- 1.05 (mean +/- standard error). The analytical column was packed with 10% Apiezon L ...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/4.5.266
更新日期:1980-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bleach, nitrite, chromate, and hydrogen peroxide-peroxidase are effective urine adulterants used by the illicit drug users to conceal marijuana-positive results. Methods for detecting nitrite and chromate are available. Effects of other oxidizing agents that could possibly be used as adulterants and are difficult to d...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/26.7.460
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pharmacogenomics is the study of the linkage between an individual's genotype and the disposition of drugs in the body. The first association between adverse drug reactions and inherited variations was recognized in the 1950s, and since then, pharmacogenomics has come a long way. The importance of pharmacogenomics is ...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/jat/30.2.65
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This case report presents three unrelated children found to have heroin and/or fentanyl in their systems after general unknown systematic toxicological analysis (STA). The first case involves an 11-month-old male found unresponsive at their residence. The scene response suggested a potentially unsafe sleeping conditio...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/bky052
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Connecticut Department of Public Safety laboratory recently addressed a legal challenge to a hospital alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-based serum ethanol determination based on the suggestion of interference by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-catalyzed oxidation of lactate. Both ADH- and LDH-oxidations require NAD(+) (pre...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/33.8.561
更新日期:2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oral fluid (OF) is increasingly used for clinical, forensic and workplace drug testing as an alternative to urine. Uncertainties surrounding OF collection device performance, drug stability and testing reproducibility may be partially responsible for delays in the implementation of OF testing in regulated drug testing...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/bkv093
更新日期:2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relationship between blood cocaine concentrations and pharmacological effects is of both theoretical and practical interest. This study utilized a computer-assisted smoking device for the delivery of three active doses (10, 20, and 40 mg) of cocaine base to seven human volunteers. Doses were administered in an asc...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/26.7.382
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Amoxapine, a tricyclic antidepressant, is metabolized to 8-hydroxyamoxapine and 7-hydroxyamoxapine. There are few reports on the metabolism of this drug and correlation of clinical symptoms in overdose patients. Five such patients admitted to the Emergency Unit of the University of Cincinnati Hospital were studied. Cl...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/8.3.124
更新日期:1984-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A rapid and sensitive solid-phase extraction method for the lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) metabolite 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD (O-H-LSD) was developed for use in a forensic laboratory. The method uses a positive-pressure manifold anion-exchange polymer-based solid-phase extraction with subsequent analysis by liquid chrom...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/27.7.459
更新日期:2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A colchicine blood concentration 250 microgram/L was determined in a 39-year-old white female 2 hours following the ingestion of an oral overdose of the drug. At death, 40 hours following ingestion, no drug was detected. Colchicine was extracted from buffered blood using dichloromethane. The evaporated extract was red...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/4.3.153
更新日期:1980-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A sensitive and specific gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of methampthetamine and its metabolites (amphetamine, p-hydroxymethamphetamine, and p-hydroxyamphetamine) in monkey urine. The method has been applied to the analysis of urine samples from monk...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/13.2.117
更新日期:1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study evaluated the validity of measuring fentanyl concentrations in equine plasma using radioimmunoassay (RIA) by comparing it to the established technique of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Equine plasma samples were analyzed using a solid-phase Coat-A-Count fentanyl RIA and a validated LC-MS m...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/32.9.754
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article reports the impact of diuresis on urinary excretion of ethanol in seven healthy volunteers who drank 1000 mL of export beer (44 g ethanol) in 30 min and, 120 min later, ingested 500 or 1000 mL of water within 5 min. Urine was voided before drinking started and every 30-60 min for 360 min after the start o...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/23.7.565
更新日期:1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration has several different systems for collecting information on drugs of abuse. One is an early warning system, which collects information to provide scientific data and interpretation on drug abuse. Another is the collection of data from evidence submitted to DEA laboratories. Thi...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/11.6.237
更新日期:1987-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study describes a matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for rapid screening of 12 diuretics in spiked urine. C60 is used as the matrix for MALDI. Diuretics are directly analyzed by C60-MALDI without previous derivatization. The fact that most diuretic molecules contain sulfate grou...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/23.5.337
更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::A simple, time-saving procedure to measure aluminum (AI) in whole blood, plasma, and water samples of low ionic strength by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry is presented. With this procedure, an analagous pretreatment is given to all samples. Moreover, the pretreated samples are analyzed using an identical pro...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/9.3.97
更新日期:1985-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::While circumventing legislative controls, synthetic piperazines are encountered as "legal" alternatives to ecstasy. Unforeseeable challenges may delay quantitative analysis of these compounds in biological fluids. Enzymatic reactions, matrix interferences and limited knowledge of analyte stability further complicate i...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/bkx090
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A rapid and simple liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of L-ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and caffeine in male Fisher-344 rat plasma at nanogram-per-milliliter concentrations for use in support of toxicology studies. Only 25 μL of plasma is...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/anatox/35.6.341
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We describe a method using a gas chromatograph with electron ionization detection (GCD) for the simultaneous determination of morphine, codeine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, ethylmorphine, and dihydrocodeine in blood. The method employs propionic anhydride in the presence of triethylamine to propionylate free hydroxyl groups...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/24.2.122
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A sensitive and specific method was developed for the quantitative analysis of l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM), l-alpha-acetyl-N-normethadol (norLAAM), and l-alpha-acetyl-N,N-dinormethadol (dinorLAAM) in hair. In the development of this method, it was determined that sample pretreatment methods performed by the laborato...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/21.6.420
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::We present a method that permits the simultaneous analysis of carbamazepine (CBZ) and its major biotransformation products, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZ-E) and carbamazepine-10,11-dihydroxide (CBZ-diOH), in plasma samples. The method consists of plasma extraction in alkaline medium with NaCl added using chloroform...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/16.2.88
更新日期:1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 59-year-old white male accidentally ingested a mouthful of a plant growth chemical, Cycocel, containing 11.8% of the active ingredient (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat). He was seen by a family physician and then transferred to a hospital where he died as a result of ventricular fibrillation, w...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/14.4.257
更新日期:1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::A method is described for the simultaneous determination of the ratio of l- and d-enantiomers of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) in urine. The assay uses liquid-liquid extraction followed by deriv...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/23.6.518
更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In mothers who had no prenatal care and in their newborns, the presence of cocaine and benzoylecgonine (BE) was determined in urine, hair, and meconium. Samples of urine and hair were obtained from pregnant women who entered the hospital for delivery. Cocaine usage was assessed by a urinary enzyme-multiplied immunoass...
journal_title:Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jat/18.5.247
更新日期:1994-09-01 00:00:00