Nucleotide sequence divergence and functional constraint in mRNA evolution.

abstract：:The effect of phagocytosis on lectin binding to plasma membranes of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was examined. The specific activities of binding sites of concanavalin A and Ricinus communis agglutinin (defined as mug of lectin bound per 100 mug of membrane protein) were measured on isolated membranes; they decreased ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Oliver JM,Ukena TE,Berlin RD

更新日期：1974-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We hypothesized that a substantial portion of the mutagenic alterations produced in the basal layer of human skin by sunlight are induced by wavelengths in the UVA range. Using laser capture microdissection we examined separately basal and suprabasal keratinocytes from human skin squamous cell carcinomas and premalign...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Agar NS,Halliday GM,Barnetson RS,Ananthaswamy HN,Wheeler M,Jones AM

更新日期：2004-04-06 00:00:00

abstract：:HLA-G is the putative natural killer (NK) cell inhibitory ligand expressed on the extravillous cytotrophoblast of the human placenta. Killing of the class I negative human B cell line 721.221 by NK cells is inhibited by the expression of HLA-G. This inhibition is dependent on a high level of HLA-G expression. In the p...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Mandelboim O,Pazmany L,Davis DM,Valés-Gómez M,Reyburn HT,Rybalov B,Strominger JL

更新日期：1997-12-23 00:00:00

abstract：:A simple and highly sensitive catalysis assay is demonstrated based on analyzing reactions with acridonetagged compounds by thin-layer chromatography. As little as 1 pmol of product is readily visualized by its blue fluorescence under UV illumination and identified by its retention factor (Rf). Each assay requires onl...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Reymond JL,Koch T,Schröer J,Tierney E

更新日期：1996-04-30 00:00:00

abstract：:For several decades, the iron-based Fenton-like catalysis has been believed to be mediated by hydroxyl radicals or high-valent iron-oxo species, while only sporadic evidence supported the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) in the Haber-Weiss cycle. Herein, we report an unprecedented singlet oxygen mediated Fenton-like...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Yang Z,Qian J,Yu A,Pan B

更新日期：2019-04-02 00:00:00

abstract：:Cells transformed by Friend virus in liquid suspension culture respond to low concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide by initiating hemoglobin synthesis. The kinetics of appearance of such differentiated erythroid cells is consistent with either the induction of differentiation in a uniformly susceptible population of tra...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Singer D,Cooper M,Maniatis GM,Marks PA,Rifkind RA

更新日期：1974-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Full-length 66-kDa estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) stimulates target gene transcription through two activation functions (AFs), AF-1 in the N-terminal domain and AF-2 in the ligand binding domain. Another physiologically expressed 46-kDa ERalpha isoform lacks the N-terminal A/B domains and is consequently devoid of ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Billon-Galés A,Fontaine C,Filipe C,Douin-Echinard V,Fouque MJ,Flouriot G,Gourdy P,Lenfant F,Laurell H,Krust A,Chambon P,Arnal JF

更新日期：2009-02-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Fungi that are resistant or sensitive to the singlet oxygen-generating toxin cercosporin were assayed for their ability to detoxify it by reduction. Cercosporin reduction was assayed microscopically by using bandpass filters to differentiate between fluorescence emission from cercosporin and reduced cercosporin. Hypha...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Daub ME,Leisman GB,Clark RA,Bowden EF

更新日期：1992-10-15 00:00:00

abstract：:An essential step in the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers is the dysregulated expression of the viral oncogenes. The papillomavirus E2 protein can silence the long control region (LCR) promoter that controls viral E6 and E7 oncogene expression. The mechanisms by which E2 represses oncogene...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Smith JA,White EA,Sowa ME,Powell ML,Ottinger M,Harper JW,Howley PM

更新日期：2010-02-23 00:00:00

abstract：:The heme-copper oxidases constitute a superfamily of terminal dioxygen-reducing enzymes located in the inner mitochondrial or in the bacterial cell membrane. The presence of a mechanistically important covalent bond between a histidine ligand of the copper ion (Cu(B)) in the active site and a generally conserved tyros...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Rauhamäki V,Baumann M,Soliymani R,Puustinen A,Wikström M

更新日期：2006-10-31 00:00:00

abstract：:Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and tomato aspermy virus (TAV) belong to the Cucumovirus genus. They have a tripartite genome consisting of single-stranded RNAs, designated 1, 2, and 3. Previous studies have shown that viable pseudorecombinants could be created in vitro by reciprocal exchanges between CMV and TAV RNA 3, b...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Masuta C,Ueda S,Suzuki M,Uyeda I

更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Supernatant fractions (300,000 x g, 60 min) from homogenates of rat liver, heart, and skeletal muscle, dog liver, and rabbit liver prepared without detergent in the homogenization medium (referred to as S300) are shown to contain an activity that restores Mg2+-dependent fluoride- and guanine nucleotide-stimulated cycl...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Bhat MK,Iyengar R,Abramowitz J,Bordelon-Riser ME,Birnbaumer L

更新日期：1980-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The protein dystrophin, normally found on the cytoplasmic surface of skeletal muscle cell membranes, is absent in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy as well as mdx (X-linked muscular dystrophy) mice. Although its primary structure has been determined, the precise functional role of dystrophin remains the subjec...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Petrof BJ,Shrager JB,Stedman HH,Kelly AM,Sweeney HL

更新日期：1993-04-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Whereas the neurodegeneration associated with various polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases has prompted extensive studies of polyQ-induced cell death, the neuronal loss that typically appears during late stages of the diseases may not account for the preceding movement and mental disorders. The cellular basis for polyQ-indu...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lee SB,Bagley JA,Lee HY,Jan LY,Jan YN

更新日期：2011-10-04 00:00:00

abstract：:Stressor exposure biases decision-making strategies from those based on the relationship between actions and their consequences to others restricted by stimulus-response associations. Chronic stressor exposure also desensitizes glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and diminishes motivation to acquire food reinforcement, alth...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Gourley SL,Swanson AM,Jacobs AM,Howell JL,Mo M,Dileone RJ,Koleske AJ,Taylor JR

更新日期：2012-12-11 00:00:00

abstract：:An increasing number of protein structures are found to encompass multiple folding nuclei, allowing their structures to be formed by several competing pathways. A typical example is the ribosomal protein S6, which comprises two folding nuclei (sigma1 and sigma2) defining two competing pathways in the folding energy la...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Haglund E,Lind J,Oman T,Ohman A,Mäler L,Oliveberg M

更新日期：2009-12-22 00:00:00

abstract：:We propose that protein translocation across membranes is driven by biased random thermal motion. This "Brownian ratchet" mechanism depends on chemical asymmetries between the cis and trans sides of the membrane. Several mechanisms could contribute to rectifying the thermal motion of the protein, such as binding and d...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Simon SM,Peskin CS,Oster GF

更新日期：1992-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Improper function of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs), obligatory membrane proteins for bioelectrical signaling, has been linked to a number of human pathologies. Small-molecule agents that target NaVs hold considerable promise for treatment of chronic disease. Absent a comprehensive understanding of channel struc...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Thomas-Tran R,Du Bois J

更新日期：2016-05-24 00:00:00

abstract：:A method to isolate fragments of DNA that promote gene expression in Bacillus subtilis is described. The system is based on production of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase [CatO2ase; catechol:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing), EC 1.13.11.2] encoded by the Pseudomonas putida TOL plasmid gene xylE. The gene was transferred...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Zukowski MM,Gaffney DF,Speck D,Kauffmann M,Findeli A,Wisecup A,Lecocq JP

更新日期：1983-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CCR5 (R5)-tropic, but not CXCR4 (X4)-tropic, HIV-1 is associated with primary HIV-1 infection and transmission. Recent studies have shown that IFN-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins, including IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3, restrict a broad range of viruses. Here, we demonstrate that an IFITM2 isoform (Δ20 IFITM2) la...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wu WL,Grotefend CR,Tsai MT,Wang YL,Radic V,Eoh H,Huang IC

更新日期：2017-07-03 00:00:00

abstract：:Humans readily form social impressions, such as attractiveness and trustworthiness, from a stranger's facial features. Understanding the provenance of these impressions has clear scientific importance and societal implications. Motivated by the efficient coding hypothesis of brain representation, as well as Claude Sha...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ryali CK,Goffin S,Winkielman P,Yu AJ

更新日期：2020-11-24 00:00:00

abstract：:The detection of biological molecules and their interactions is a significant component of modern biomedical research. In current biosensor technologies, simultaneous detection is limited to a small number of analytes by the spectral overlap of their signals. We have developed an NMR-based xenon biosensor that capital...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Spence MM,Rubin SM,Dimitrov IE,Ruiz EJ,Wemmer DE,Pines A,Yao SQ,Tian F,Schultz PG

更新日期：2001-09-11 00:00:00

abstract：:The molecular chaperone Hsp90 is a protein folding machine that is conserved from bacteria to man. Human, cytosolic Hsp90 is dedicated to folding of chiefly signal transduction components. The chaperoning mechanism of Hsp90 is controlled by ATP and various cochaperones, but is poorly understood and controversial. Here...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Karagöz GE,Duarte AM,Ippel H,Uetrecht C,Sinnige T,van Rosmalen M,Hausmann J,Heck AJ,Boelens R,Rüdiger SG

更新日期：2011-01-11 00:00:00

abstract：:A central event in the eukaryotic cell cycle is the decision to commence DNA replication (S phase). Strict controls normally operate to prevent repeated rounds of DNA replication without intervening mitoses ("endoreplication") or initiation of mitosis before DNA is fully replicated ("mitotic catastrophe"). Some of the...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Novak B,Tyson JJ

更新日期：1997-08-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Compared with the U.S., Japan is believed to have a collectivist culture that nurtures high trust. Results from laboratory and survey research, however, show that Americans are more likely to trust strangers than are Japanese. Why would trust be lower in a collectivist culture? We use an agent-based computational mode...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Macy MW,Sato Y

更新日期：2002-05-14 00:00:00

abstract：:Synergism between transcriptional activators is a powerful way of potentiating their function. Here we show that the glial POU domain protein Tst-1 (also known as Oct-6 and SCIP) and large tumor antigen (T antigen) synergistically increased transcription from both the early and the late promoters of papovavirus JC in ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Renner K,Leger H,Wegner M

更新日期：1994-07-05 00:00:00

abstract：:Cullin-Ring E3 ubiquitin ligases target substrates for ubiquitin-dependent, proteasome-mediated degradation and regulate critical cellular processes. These cullins assemble with cellular substrate receptor proteins through specific adaptor molecules. F-box- and BC-box-containing receptors use Skp1, ElonginB, and Elong...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Luo K,Xiao Z,Ehrlich E,Yu Y,Liu B,Zheng S,Yu XF

更新日期：2005-08-09 00:00:00

abstract：:When animals move, respiration increases to adapt for increased energy demands; the underlying mechanisms are still not understood. We investigated the neural substrates underlying the respiratory changes in relation to movement in lampreys. We showed that respiration increases following stimulation of the mesencephal...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Gariépy JF,Missaghi K,Chevallier S,Chartré S,Robert M,Auclair F,Lund JP,Dubuc R

更新日期：2012-01-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Often, resistance to drugs is an obstacle to a successful treatment of cancer. In spite of the importance of the problem, the actual mechanisms that control the evolution of drug resistance are not fully understood. Many attempts to study drug resistance have been made in the mathematical modeling literature. Clearly,...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Tomasetti C,Levy D

更新日期：2010-09-28 00:00:00

abstract：:The five alpha genes of herpes simplex virus 1 are the first set of genes to be expressed after infection. Previous studies have shown that alpha genes resident in eukaryotic cells are induced by infection with herpes simplex virus 1 or 2 but not by other herpesviruses and indicate that the alpha trans-inducing factor...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Pellett PE,McKnight JL,Jenkins FJ,Roizman B

更新日期：1985-09-01 00:00:00