Trust, cooperation, and market formation in the U.S. and Japan.

abstract：:The rRNA intervening sequence of Tetrahymena is a catalytic RNA molecule, or "ribozyme." A tertiary-structure model of the active site of this ribozyme has been constructed based on comparative sequence analysis of related group I intervening sequences, data on the accessibility of each nucleotide to chemical and enzy...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kim SH,Cech TR

更新日期：1987-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rabbit corneas denuded of their endothelium were coated with bovine corneal endothelial cells (from steers) previously maintained in tissue culture for short (20 generations) or prolonged (200 generations) periods. When grafted back into female rabbits, the corneal buttons remained clear and showed no edema. In contra...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Gospodarowicz D,Greenburg G,Alvarado J

更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) refers to the earliest clinical manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS). Currently there are no prognostic biological markers that accurately predict conversion of CIS to clinically definite MS (CDMS). Furthermore, the earliest molecular events in MS are still unknown. We used micro...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Corvol JC,Pelletier D,Henry RG,Caillier SJ,Wang J,Pappas D,Casazza S,Okuda DT,Hauser SL,Oksenberg JR,Baranzini SE

更新日期：2008-08-19 00:00:00

abstract：:The L-A double-stranded RNA virus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae makes a gag-pol fusion protein by a -1 ribosomal frameshift. The pol amino acid sequence includes consensus patterns typical of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (EC 2.7.7.48) of (+) strand and double-stranded RNA viruses of animals and plants. We have carr...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ribas JC,Wickner RB

更新日期：1992-03-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Soot particles produced by incomplete combustion processes are one of the major components of urban air pollution. Chemistry at their surfaces lead to the heterogeneous conversion of several key trace gases; for example NO(2) interacts with soot and is converted into HONO, which rapidly photodissociates to form OH in ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Monge ME,D'Anna B,Mazri L,Giroir-Fendler A,Ammann M,Donaldson DJ,George C

更新日期：2010-04-13 00:00:00

abstract：:A TL+ leukemia of a (B6 X A)F1 hybrid mouse (H-2b/H-2a) was previously subjected to immunoselection against H-2a by passage in (B6 X A.SW)F1 mice (H-2b/H-2s). A variant leukemia line was obtained that serologically lacked not only the H-2a phenotype but also the TL phenotype determined by the linked cis Tlaa allele of...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Shen FW,Chaganti RS,Doucette LA,Litman GW,Steinmetz M,Hood L,Boyse EA

更新日期：1984-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Epstein-Barr virus infection in vitro immortalizes primary B cells. EBNA2 is an Epstein-Barr virus-encoded transcriptional transactivator that mimics the effects of activated Notch signaling and is essential for this proliferative response. An assay using Sindbis virus (SV) as a cell death inducer revealed that, like ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lee JM,Lee KH,Weidner M,Osborne BA,Hayward SD

更新日期：2002-09-03 00:00:00

abstract：:The molecular mechanisms by which transcription is selectively activated and precisely controlled by signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) factors represent a central issue in cytokine-mediated cellular responses. Stat6 mediates responses to IL-4 and antagonizes Stat1 activated by IFN-gamma. We have ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Goenka S,Boothby M

更新日期：2006-03-14 00:00:00

abstract：:Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) in the honey bee, Apis mellifera, detoxify phytochemicals in honey and pollen. The flavonol quercetin is found ubiquitously and abundantly in pollen and frequently at lower concentrations in honey. Worker jelly consumed during the first 3 d of larval development typically contains...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Mao W,Schuler MA,Berenbaum MR

更新日期：2017-03-07 00:00:00

abstract：:The restriction endonuclease, HindIII, gives rise to three fragments in each of the three mitochondrial DNAs isolated from the established mammalian cell lines LA9 (mouse), HeLa (human), and BSC-1 (African green monkey). The restriction endonuclease, EcoRI, gives rise to three fragments in mitochondrial DNA from HeLa ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Brown WM,Vinograd J

更新日期：1974-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:PIK3R2 encodes a ubiquitous regulatory subunit (p85β) of PI3K, an enzyme that generates 3-polyphosphoinositides at the plasma membrane. PI3K activation triggers cell survival and migration. We found that p85β expression is elevated in breast and colon carcinomas and that its increased expression correlates with PI3K p...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Cortés I,Sánchez-Ruíz J,Zuluaga S,Calvanese V,Marqués M,Hernández C,Rivera T,Kremer L,González-García A,Carrera AC

更新日期：2012-07-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Arabinose-binding protein, maltose-binding protein, and lambda receptor are synthesized in vitro on membrane-bound polysomes from Escherichia coli. All three proteins are exported from the cytoplasm of E. coli and all three are made in vitro in a form a few thousand daltons larger than the authentic protein. The large...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Randall LL,Hardy SJ,Josefsson LG

更新日期：1978-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The diradical form of thiol-activated neocarzinostatin chromophore resides in the minor groove of DNA, where it has access to hydrogen atoms at the C-5', C-1', and C-4' positions of deoxyribose on each strand. In a dodecamer oligodeoxyribonucleotide containing the sequence AGC.GCT, a bistranded lesion staggered two nu...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kappen LS,Goldberg IH

更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent advances in coherent x-ray diffractive imaging have paved the way to reliable and quantitative imaging of noncompact specimens at the nanometer scale. Introduced a year ago, an advanced implementation of ptychographic coherent diffractive imaging has removed much of the previous limitations regarding sample pre...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Giewekemeyer K,Thibault P,Kalbfleisch S,Beerlink A,Kewish CM,Dierolf M,Pfeiffer F,Salditt T

更新日期：2010-01-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Ecological "surprises" are defined as unexpected findings about the natural environment. They are critically important in ecology because they are catalysts for questioning and reformulating views of the natural world, help shape assessments of the veracity of a priori predictions about ecological trends and phenomena...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lindenmayer DB,Likens GE,Krebs CJ,Hobbs RJ

更新日期：2010-12-21 00:00:00

abstract：:The G protein-coupled free fatty acid receptor-1 (FFA1/GPR40) plays a major role in the regulation of insulin secretion by fatty acids. GPR40 is considered a potential therapeutic target to enhance insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes; however, its mode of regulation is essentially unknown. The aims of this study were...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kebede M,Ferdaoussi M,Mancini A,Alquier T,Kulkarni RN,Walker MD,Poitout V

更新日期：2012-02-14 00:00:00

abstract：:We have developed a high-efficiency nucleic acid delivery system that uses receptor-mediated endocytosis to carry DNA macromolecules into cells. We accomplished this by conjugating the iron-transport protein transferrin to polycations that bind nucleic acids. Human transferrin, as well as the chicken homologue conalbu...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wagner E,Zenke M,Cotten M,Beug H,Birnstiel ML

更新日期：1990-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Genomic and cDNA clones for the human nerve growth factor receptor have been used in conjunction with somatic cell hybrid analysis and in situ hybridization to localize the nerve growth factor receptor locus to human chromosome region 17q12-q22. Additionally, part, if not all, of the nerve growth factor receptor locus...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Huebner K,Isobe M,Chao M,Bothwell M,Ross AH,Finan J,Hoxie JA,Sehgal A,Buck CR,Lanahan A

更新日期：1986-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:γ-Secretase is an intramembrane-cleaving protease responsible for the generation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Recently, a series of compounds called γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) has been shown to decrease the levels of long toxic Aβ species (i.e., Aβ42), with a concomitant elevation of the production of shorter Aβ spe...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Takeo K,Tanimura S,Shinoda T,Osawa S,Zahariev IK,Takegami N,Ishizuka-Katsura Y,Shinya N,Takagi-Niidome S,Tominaga A,Ohsawa N,Kimura-Someya T,Shirouzu M,Yokoshima S,Yokoyama S,Fukuyama T,Tomita T,Iwatsubo T

更新日期：2014-07-22 00:00:00

abstract：:Most natural populations are affected by seasonal changes in temperature, rainfall, or resource availability. Seasonally fluctuating selection could potentially make a large contribution to maintaining genetic polymorphism in populations. However, previous theory suggests that the conditions for multilocus polymorphis...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wittmann MJ,Bergland AO,Feldman MW,Schmidt PS,Petrov DA

更新日期：2017-11-14 00:00:00

abstract：:The gel filtration behavior, in the presence of detergents, of membrane-bound IgM from normal mouse spleen B lymphocytes was compared to that of secretory IgM from mouse plasma cells. The proteins were labeled either by surface radioiodination or biosynthetically with radioactive amino acids. Cell lysates were fractio...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Vassalli P,Tedghi R,Lisowska-Bernstein B,Tartakoff A,Jaton JC

更新日期：1979-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The interrelationships of hexose feeding and insulin action were studied in the Chinese hamster fibroblast cell lines 023 and DS-7. The latter, derived from 023 and deficient in phosphoglucose isomerase, has been used to map the metabolic requirements for aldohexose-mediated down-regulation or "curbing" of hexose tran...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wilson C,Peterson SW,Ullrey DB,Kalckar HM

更新日期：1986-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Claspin is a homolog of Mrc1, a checkpoint protein required for the DNA replication checkpoint in yeast. In Xenopus, phosphorylated Claspin binds to xChk1 and regulates xChk1 activation in response to replication stress. In this study, we have shown that the human homolog of Claspin is required for resistance to multi...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lin SY,Li K,Stewart GS,Elledge SJ

更新日期：2004-04-27 00:00:00

abstract：:Animal studies have shown that the brain is an insulin-responsive organ and that central nervous insulin resistance induces obesity and disturbances in glucose metabolism. In humans, insulin effects in the brain are poorly characterized. We used a magnetoencephalography approach during a two-step hyperinsulinemic eugl...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Tschritter O,Preissl H,Hennige AM,Stumvoll M,Porubska K,Frost R,Marx H,Klösel B,Lutzenberger W,Birbaumer N,Häring HU,Fritsche A

更新日期：2006-08-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Curcumin (Cur) is a naturally occurring anticancer drug isolated from the Curcuma longa plant. It is known to exhibit anticancer properties via inhibiting the STAT3 phosphorylation process. However, its poor water solubility and low bioavailability impede its clinical application. Herein, we used organoplatinum(II) ← ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Datta S,Misra SK,Saha ML,Lahiri N,Louie J,Pan D,Stang PJ

更新日期：2018-08-07 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark that silences transposable elements (TEs) and repeats. Whereas the establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation are relatively well understood, little is known about their dynamics and biological relevance in plant and animal innate immunity. Here, we show that some TEs are de...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Yu A,Lepère G,Jay F,Wang J,Bapaume L,Wang Y,Abraham AL,Penterman J,Fischer RL,Voinnet O,Navarro L

更新日期：2013-02-05 00:00:00

abstract：:A microfluidic mixer is applied to study the kinetics of calmodulin conformational changes upon Ca2+ binding. The device facilitates rapid, uniform mixing by decoupling hydrodynamic focusing from diffusive mixing and accesses time scales of tens of microseconds. The mixer is used in conjunction with multiphoton micros...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Park HY,Kim SA,Korlach J,Rhoades E,Kwok LW,Zipfel WR,Waxham MN,Webb WW,Pollack L

更新日期：2008-01-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The cDNA of the gene pds from tomato, encoding the carotenoid biosynthesis enzyme phytoene desaturase, was cloned, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. Cells of Escherichia coli that expressed the tomato pds gene could convert phytoene to zeta-carotene. This result suggests that one polypeptide, the product of ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Pecker I,Chamovitz D,Linden H,Sandmann G,Hirschberg J

更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:From within an albino melanocyte line grown in vitro we identified and cloned cells that apparently had reverted to wild type. We sequenced a part of the tyrosinase gene, encompassing a candidate mutation, from wild-type, albino, and revertant cell DNAs. The revertant cells contain, on one chromosome, a perfect base r...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Jackson IJ,Bennett DC

更新日期：1990-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Alternaria solani, the causal agent of early blight disease in potato, produces two host-specific, lipidlike toxins in culture. Both compounds are required in the leaf bioassay for the elicitation of typical early blight symptoms, but the compounds are individually inactive. The procedures for the preparation of both ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Matern U,Strobel G,Shepard J

更新日期：1978-10-01 00:00:00