Channels formed by botulinum, tetanus, and diphtheria toxins in planar lipid bilayers: relevance to translocation of proteins across membranes.

abstract：:A cDNA library prepared from human liver has been screened for factor IX (Christmas factor), a clotting factor that participates in the middle phase of blood coagulation. The library was screened with a single-stranded DNA prepared from enriched mRNA for baboon factor IX and a synthetic oligonucleotide mixture. A plas...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kurachi K,Davie EW

更新日期：1982-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We have devised a method for mapping sites on DNA within the nucleus that are protected against nuclease attack by interaction with bound protein or other factors. This "footprinting" method uses an end-labeled sequence-specific DNA probe, which is annealed to the DNA from nuclear digests under carefully controlled co...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Jackson PD,Felsenfeld G

更新日期：1985-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Immunization of strain A mice with p-azophenylarsonate-conjugated protein stimulates B cells that synthesize anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies. A large fraction of these cells produce antibodies with variable (V) regions encoded by a single heavy chain V gene segment together with multiple combinations of diversity,...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wysocki L,Manser T,Gefter ML

更新日期：1986-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sliding at a quasi-statically loaded frictional interface can occur via macroscopic slip events, which nucleate locally before propagating as rupture fronts very similar to fracture. We introduce a microscopic model of a frictional interface that includes asperity-level disorder, elastic interaction between local slip...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： de Geus TWJ,Popović M,Ji W,Rosso A,Wyart M

更新日期：2019-11-26 00:00:00

abstract：:The origin of vertebrate eyes is still enigmatic. The "frontal eye" of amphioxus, our most primitive chordate relative, has long been recognized as a candidate precursor to the vertebrate eyes. However, the amphioxus frontal eye is composed of simple ciliated cells, unlike vertebrate rods and cones, which display more...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Vopalensky P,Pergner J,Liegertova M,Benito-Gutierrez E,Arendt D,Kozmik Z

更新日期：2012-09-18 00:00:00

abstract：:MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short noncoding RNAs that regulate protein-coding genes posttranscriptionally. In animals, most known miRNA targeting occurs within the 3'UTR of mRNAs, but the extent of biologically relevant targeting in the ORF or 5'UTR of mRNAs remains unknown. Here, we develop an algorithm (MinoTa...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Schnall-Levin M,Zhao Y,Perrimon N,Berger B

更新日期：2010-09-07 00:00:00

abstract：:The downstream box (DB) is a sequence element that enhances translation of several bacterial and phage mRNAs. It has been proposed that the DB enhances translation by base pairing transiently to bases 1469-1483 of 16S rRNA, the so-called anti-DB, during the initiation phase of translation. We have tested this model of...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： O'Connor M,Asai T,Squires CL,Dahlberg AE

更新日期：1999-08-03 00:00:00

abstract：:The sense of hearing is remarkable for its auditory dynamic range, which spans more than 10(12) in acoustic intensity. The mechanisms that enable the cochlea to transduce high sound levels without damage are of key interest, particularly with regard to the broad impact of industrial, military, and recreational auditor...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Housley GD,Morton-Jones R,Vlajkovic SM,Telang RS,Paramananthasivam V,Tadros SF,Wong AC,Froud KE,Cederholm JM,Sivakumaran Y,Snguanwongchai P,Khakh BS,Cockayne DA,Thorne PR,Ryan AF

更新日期：2013-04-30 00:00:00

abstract：:Dictyostelium actin was shown to become phosphorylated on Tyr-53 late in the developmental cycle and when cells in the amoeboid stage are subjected to stress but the phosphorylated actin had not been purified and characterized. We have separated phosphorylated and unphosphorylated actin and shown that Tyr-53 phosphory...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Liu X,Shu S,Hong MS,Levine RL,Korn ED

更新日期：2006-09-12 00:00:00

abstract：:The human major histocompatibility complex includes approximately 14 class II HLA genes within the HLA-D region, most of which exist in multiple allelic forms. One of these genes, the DQ3.2 beta gene, accounts for the well-documented association of HLA-DR4 with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and is the single all...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kwok WW,Lotshaw C,Milner EC,Knitter-Jack N,Nepom GT

更新日期：1989-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Anti-idiotype antibodies (Ab2) were purified from a cancer patient treated with NP-4, a murine monoclonal antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). These Ab2 were specific for NP-4 and inhibited the binding between NP-4 and CEA. BALB/c mice immunized with these human Ab2 produced anti-Ab2 antibodies that were also r...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Losman MJ,Hansen HJ,Sharkey RM,Goldenberg DM,Monestier M

更新日期：1991-04-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent advances indicate that, in various chronic inflammatory disorders, the activation of the immune system is triggered locally rather than in lymphoid organs. In this study, we have evaluated whether the humoral alloimmune response involved in chronic rejection is elicited within the graft. We used the rat aortic ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Thaunat O,Field AC,Dai J,Louedec L,Patey N,Bloch MF,Mandet C,Belair MF,Bruneval P,Meilhac O,Bellon B,Joly E,Michel JB,Nicoletti A

更新日期：2005-10-11 00:00:00

abstract：:Many "workers" in north temperate colonies of the eusocial paper wasp Polistes fuscatus disappear within a few days of eclosion. We provide evidence that these females are pursuing an alternative reproductive strategy, i.e., dispersing to overwinter and become nest foundresses the following spring, instead of helping ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Reeve HK,Peters JM,Nonacs P,Starks PT

更新日期：1998-11-10 00:00:00

abstract：:The strong consistency of least squares estimates in multiple regression models with independent errors is obtained under minimal assumptions on the design and weak moment conditions on the errors. ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lai TL,Robbins H,Wei CZ

更新日期：1978-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against purified human placental insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptors were prepared and characterized. Three IgG mAbs were specific for the human IGF-I receptor and displayed negligible crossreactivity with the human insulin receptor. They stimulated 125I-labeled IGF-I (125I-IGF-...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Xiong L,Kasuya J,Li SL,Kato J,Fujita-Yamaguchi Y

更新日期：1992-06-15 00:00:00

abstract：:This study challenges the paradigm that salt marsh plants prevent lateral wave-induced erosion along wetland edges by binding soil with live roots and clarifies the role of vegetation in protecting the coast. In both laboratory flume studies and controlled field experiments, we show that common salt marsh plants do no...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Feagin RA,Lozada-Bernard SM,Ravens TM,Möller I,Yeager KM,Baird AH

更新日期：2009-06-23 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite the growing interest in collective phenomena such as "swarm intelligence" and "wisdom of the crowds," little is known about the mechanisms underlying decision-making in vertebrate animal groups. How do animals use the behavior of others to make more accurate decisions, especially when it is not possible to ide...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ward AJ,Sumpter DJ,Couzin ID,Hart PJ,Krause J

更新日期：2008-05-13 00:00:00

abstract：:Karrikins are a class of seed germination stimulants identified in smoke from wildfires. Microarray analysis of imbibed Arabidopsis thaliana seeds was performed to identify transcriptional responses to KAR(1) before germination. A small set of genes that are regulated by KAR(1), even when germination is prevented by t...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Nelson DC,Flematti GR,Riseborough JA,Ghisalberti EL,Dixon KW,Smith SM

更新日期：2010-04-13 00:00:00

abstract：:UDP-xylose is a sugar donor required for the synthesis of diverse and important glycan structures in animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. Xylose-containing glycans are particularly abundant in plants and in the polysaccharide capsule that is the major virulence factor of the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans....

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Bar-Peled M,Griffith CL,Doering TL

更新日期：2001-10-09 00:00:00

abstract：:One of the most long-lived models in plant science is the belief that the long-distance transport and ratio of two plant hormones, auxin and cytokinin, at the site of action control major developmental events such as apical dominance. We have used in vivo deuterium labeling and mass spectrometry to investigate the dyn...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Nordström A,Tarkowski P,Tarkowska D,Norbaek R,Astot C,Dolezal K,Sandberg G

更新日期：2004-05-25 00:00:00

abstract：:Mutational activation of the Ras oncogene products (H-Ras, K-Ras, and N-Ras) is frequently observed in human cancers, making them promising anticancer drug targets. Nonetheless, no effective strategy has been available for the development of Ras inhibitors, partly owing to the absence of well-defined surface pockets s...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Shima F,Yoshikawa Y,Ye M,Araki M,Matsumoto S,Liao J,Hu L,Sugimoto T,Ijiri Y,Takeda A,Nishiyama Y,Sato C,Muraoka S,Tamura A,Osoda T,Tsuda K,Miyakawa T,Fukunishi H,Shimada J,Kumasaka T,Yamamoto M,Kataoka T

更新日期：2013-05-14 00:00:00

abstract：:Erythropoietin (EPO) produced by the kidney and the liver (in fetuses) stimulates erythropoiesis. In the central nervous system, neurons express EPO receptor (EPOR) and astrocytes produce EPO. EPO has been shown to protect primary cultured neurons from N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated glutamate toxicity. ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Sakanaka M,Wen TC,Matsuda S,Masuda S,Morishita E,Nagao M,Sasaki R

更新日期：1998-04-14 00:00:00

abstract：:Aire induces ectopic expression of peripheral tissue antigens (PTAs) in thymic medullary epithelial cells, which promotes immunological tolerance. Beginning with a broad screen of histone peptides, we demonstrate that the mechanism by which this single factor controls the transcription of thousands of genes involves r...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Koh AS,Kuo AJ,Park SY,Cheung P,Abramson J,Bua D,Carney D,Shoelson SE,Gozani O,Kingston RE,Benoist C,Mathis D

更新日期：2008-10-14 00:00:00

abstract：:In vivo expression technology (IVET) has been used to identify > 100 Salmonella typhimurium genes that are specifically expressed during infection of BALB/c mice and/or murine cultured macrophages. Induction of these genes is shown to be required for survival in the animal under conditions of the IVET selection. One c...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Heithoff DM,Conner CP,Hanna PC,Julio SM,Hentschel U,Mahan MJ

更新日期：1997-02-04 00:00:00

abstract：:Tandem gene duplication is an important mutational process in evolutionary adaptation and human disease. Hypothetically, two tandem gene copies should produce twice the output of a single gene, but this expectation has not been rigorously investigated. Here, we show that tandem duplication often results in more than d...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Loehlin DW,Carroll SB

更新日期：2016-05-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Mutualisms between fungi and fungus-growing animals are model systems for studying coevolution and complex interactions between species. Fungal growing behavior has enabled cultivating animals to rise to major ecological importance, but evolution of farming symbioses is thought to be restricted to three terrestrial in...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Silliman BR,Newell SY

更新日期：2003-12-23 00:00:00

abstract：:During the early evolution of life, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (O) may have functioned as a proto-flavin capable of repairing cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in DNA or RNA by photoinduced electron transfer using longer wavelength UVB radiation. To investigate the ability of O to act as an excited-state electron...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Zhang Y,Dood J,Beckstead AA,Li XB,Nguyen KV,Burrows CJ,Improta R,Kohler B

更新日期：2014-08-12 00:00:00

abstract：:In everyday life, a macroscopic valve is a device with a movable control element that regulates the flow of gases or liquids by blocking and opening passageways. Construction of such a device on the nanoscale level requires (i) suitably proportioned movable control elements, (ii) a method for operating them on demand,...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Nguyen TD,Tseng HR,Celestre PC,Flood AH,Liu Y,Stoddart JF,Zink JI

更新日期：2005-07-19 00:00:00

abstract：:It is well established that pregnancy early in life reduces the risk of breast cancer in women and that this effect is universal. This phenomenon of parity protection against mammary cancer is also observed in rodents. Earlier studies have demonstrated that short-term administration of estradiol (E) in combination wit...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Rajkumar L,Guzman RC,Yang J,Thordarson G,Talamantes F,Nandi S

更新日期：2001-09-25 00:00:00

abstract：:We have isolated and determined the sequence of a genomic clone containing the gene for a human class I transplantation antigen. The gene contains seven exons. The first five exons code respectively for a signal peptide, for the first, second, and third extracellular domains of the protein molecule, and for the transm...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Malissen M,Malissen B,Jordan BR

更新日期：1982-02-01 00:00:00