Abstract：
:We propose a model for DNA polymerase fidelity in which free energy differences, delta delta G, between matched and mismatched nucleotides are magnified at the enzyme's active site. Both hydrogen bonding and stacking components of the interaction energy are amplified, with the most profound effect being on the magnitude of hydrogen-bonding interactions. Magnification in delta delta G values follows from the exclusion of water around base pairs in the active site cleft of the enzyme. After showing that base-pair dissociation energies calculated from hydrogen-bonding and base-stacking interactions in vacuo are greatly reduced by water, it is proposed that water removal results in a proportional restoration of these contributions to base pairing. Assuming approximately equal to 40% exclusion of surrounding water, one predicts magnified values of delta delta G sufficient to account for polymerase insertion and proofreading fidelity, thereby avoiding the need to postulate additional active site constraints in order to select or reject nucleotides.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Petruska J,Sowers LC,Goodman MFdoi
10.1073/pnas.83.6.1559subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1986-03-01 00:00:00pages
1559-62issue
6eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490journal_volume
83pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Flowering time (FT) is the developmental transition coupling an internal genetic program with external local and seasonal climate cues. The genetic loci sensitive to predictable environmental signals underlie local adaptation. We dissected natural variation in FT across a new global diversity set of 473 unique accessi...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.1007431107
更新日期：2010-12-07 00:00:00
abstract：:DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark that silences transposable elements (TEs) and repeats. Whereas the establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation are relatively well understood, little is known about their dynamics and biological relevance in plant and animal innate immunity. Here, we show that some TEs are de...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.1211757110
更新日期：2013-02-05 00:00:00
abstract：:After prolonged exposure to ascorbate, collagen synthesis in cultured human skin fibroblasts increased approximately 8-fold with no significant change in synthesis of noncollagen protein. This effect of ascorbate appears to be unrelated to its cofactor function in collagen hydroxylation. The collagenous protein secret...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.78.5.2879
更新日期：1981-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To use recombinant DNA technology to functionally analyze mutations introduced into cloned eukaryotic genes, a rapid procedure is necessary to assay the steps along the gene expression pathway. Since cloned rat insulin genes are not transcribed efficiently after transfection into various cell lines, I have asked wheth...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.79.19.5798
更新日期：1982-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Phytochrome photoreceptors control plant growth, development, and the shade avoidance response that limits crop yield in high-density agricultural plantings. Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) are distantly related photosensory proteins that control cyanobacterial metabolism and behavior in response to light. Photoreceptors...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.1720682115
更新日期：2018-04-24 00:00:00
abstract：:The restoration of planar cell polarity is an essential but poorly understood step toward physiological recovery during sensory-organ regeneration. Investigating this issue in the lateral line of the zebrafish, we found that hair cells regenerate in pairs along a single axis established by the restricted localization ...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.0608536103
更新日期：2006-12-05 00:00:00
abstract：:The traditional morphologically grounded placement of South American guinea pig-like rodents (Caviomorpha) within one of the two rodent suborders, Hystricognathi, has been disputed by recent analysis of protein and nucleic acid sequence data. The Caviomorpha and possibly all Hystricognathi would be considered a separa...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.90.20.9698
更新日期：1993-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:A remarkable property of Ca2+ fluxes through the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3)-gated Ca2+ channel is that successive increments of InsP3 induce repeated transient release of accumulated Ca2+. The initial aim of this study was to propose a model, based on hypotheses compatible with the current description of thi...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.91.21.10074
更新日期：1994-10-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Guanosine tetraphosphate, recently discovered to mediate the regulatory relationship between protein synthesis and RNA accumulation in various bacteria, has been synthesized in vitro in large quantities and analyzed by natural-abundance (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in order to confirm its structure an...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.70.9.2563
更新日期：1973-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We used a family-based cluster detection approach designed to localize significant rare disease-risk variants clusters within a region of interest to systematically search for schizophrenia (SCZ) susceptibility genes within 49 genomic loci previously implicated by de novo copy number variants. Using two independent wh...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.1309475110
更新日期：2014-01-07 00:00:00
abstract：:For a number of viruses, oligomerization is a critical component of envelope processing and surface expression. Previously, we reported that a synthetic peptide (DP-107) corresponding to the putative leucine zipper region (aa 553-590) of the transmembrane protein (gp41) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) e...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.91.26.12676
更新日期：1994-12-20 00:00:00
abstract：:IFN-gamma is well known as the signature cytokine of CD4+ T helper 1, CD8+, and natural killer cells, but recent studies demonstrate that antigen-presenting cells, in particular dendritic cells (DCs), are another potent source for this proinflammatory cytokine. T-bet, a transcription factor that controls IFN-gamma exp...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.1332767100
更新日期：2003-06-24 00:00:00
abstract：:The apparent failure of infants to understand "object permanence" by reaching for hidden objects is perhaps the most striking and debated phenomenon in cognitive development. Of particular interest is the extent to which infants perceive and remember objects in a similar way to that of adults. Here we report two findi...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.0507626102
更新日期：2005-10-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Measurements of the water proton spinlattice relaxation (T(1)) in 106 human tumors confirms earlier results with animals [Damadian, R. (1971) Science 171, 1151-1153]. T(1) of all the tumors studied were significantly longer than T(1) of the corresponding normal tissues. Mean standard error and range were reported for ...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.71.4.1471
更新日期：1974-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter at the mammalian neuromuscular junction (NMJ) where nicotinic acetylcholine receptors mediate the signaling between nerve terminals and muscle fibers. We show that under glutamatergic transmission, rat NMJ switches from cholinergic type synapse to glutamatergic synapse. Conne...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.0500530102
更新日期：2005-06-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Interleukin 10 (IL-10) inhibits interferon gamma-induced macrophage activation for cytotoxicity against larvae of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni by suppressing production of the toxic effector molecule nitric oxide (NO). In this study, the mechanism of IL-10 action was identified as inhibition of endogenous tu...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.89.18.8676
更新日期：1992-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Intermediate filaments-cytoplasmic filaments with a diameter of 8-9 nm-have been described in a large variety of cell types. In this study, the subunit protein of the neurofilament and the presumptive subunit of the astroglial filament are compared by immunological and biochemical methods and are found to be very simi...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.73.2.529
更新日期：1976-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two regions of human thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) receptor (TSHR) (residues 12-44 and 308-364) were selected on the basis that they exhibit no sequence resemblance to luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor. Five synthetic overlapping peptides (12-30, 24-44, 308-328, 324-344, and 339-364)...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.88.9.3613
更新日期：1991-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intact squid axons were injected with aequorin and bathed in 3 mM Ca seawater (a concentration close to that of squid blood). Sodium and potassium currents were pharmacologically blocked and repetitive voltage-clamp pulses of a duration of 1.5 ms were applied (to simulate the duration of an action potential) at amplit...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.82.6.1847
更新日期：1985-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vanadyl sulfate and sodium orthovanadate in the concentration range between 5 and 50 microM are shown to be mitogenic for quiescent cultures of Swiss mouse 3T3 and 3T6 cells. The compounds caused a striking shift in the dose-response for the effect of serum on [3H]thymidine incorporation and DNA synthesis. In the abse...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.80.20.6162
更新日期：1983-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A central question in developmental biology has been the initiation of cell-specific gene expression and its temporal relationship to morphogenesis. We have coupled embryo microdissection with the exquisite sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction to define the onset of cell-specific gene expression during pancrea...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.89.3.1128
更新日期：1992-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Arabidopsis thaliana SOS1 protein is a putative Na+/H+ antiporter that functions in Na+ extrusion and is essential for the NaCl tolerance of plants. sos1 mutant plants share phenotypic similarities with mutants lacking the protein kinase SOS2 and the Ca2+ sensor SOS3. To investigate whether the three SOS proteins ...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.132092099
更新日期：2002-06-25 00:00:00
abstract：:The synthesis of the proteins laminin and collagen IV is stimulated approximately equal to 20-fold in F9 mouse teratocarcinoma stem cells after treatment of the cells with retinoic acid and N6, O2'-dibutyryl-cAMP (Bt2cAMP). A cDNA library from F9 cells treated with retinoic acid, Bt2cAMP, and theophylline (F9-R + DBC ...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.80.19.5880
更新日期：1983-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A human beta-globin gene derived from an established human lymphoblast cell line was introduced into murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells by cell fusion. The globin genes in MEL cells are inducible by dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO); induction leads to the accumulation of mouse globin mRNA and hemoglobin. Globin mRNA was not...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.77.6.3435
更新日期：1980-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During sustained viewing of an ambiguous stimulus, an individual's perceptual experience will generally switch between the different possible alternatives rather than stay fixed on one interpretation (perceptual rivalry). Here, we measured pupil diameter while subjects viewed different ambiguous visual and auditory st...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.0707727105
更新日期：2008-02-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Paraspeckles are subnuclear structures that form around nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) long noncoding RNA (lncRNA). Recently, paraspeckles were shown to be functional nuclear bodies involved in stress responses and the development of specific organs. Paraspeckle formation is initiated by transcripti...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.1423819112
更新日期：2015-04-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Fetal exposure to environmental insults increases the susceptibility to late-onset neuropsychiatric disorders. Alcohol is listed as one of such prenatal environmental risk factors and known to exert devastating teratogenetic effects on the developing brain, leading to complex neurological and psychiatric symptoms obse...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.1100903108
更新日期：2011-03-08 00:00:00
abstract：:A low molecular weight toxin isolated from the venom of the digger wasp Philanthus triangulum, first noted by T. Piek, is a potent antagonist of transmission at quisqualate-sensitive glutamate synapses of locust leg muscle. This philanthotoxin 433 (PTX-433) has been purified, chemically characterized, and subsequently...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.85.13.4910
更新日期：1988-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vesicles were constituted with glycophorin, the Sendai virus receptor of human erythrocytes, and loaded with calcein, a polar derivative of fluorescein, at self-quenching concentrations. On exposure to Sendai virus and mild hypo-osmotic stress, vesicles of the appropriate composition released a significant portion of ...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.80.6.1608
更新日期：1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We investigated the operation of a posttranslational protein translocation pathway to determine whether ions are excluded from the translocase during protein transport. The membrane capacitance during protein translocation across chloroplast thylakoid membranes was monitored via electric-field-indicating carotenoid el...
journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1073/pnas.95.4.1590
更新日期：1998-02-17 00:00:00
