Abstract:
:The proportional relationships of the four numbers in a 2 x 2 table can be displayed using two types of box graphs. In one approach, a 'unitary square' is first divided according to the denominator proportions of the two groups formed in a cohort or case-control study, and then re-divided according to the numerator proportions in each group. In the second method, the numbers are arranged as four squares, proportionately sized according to the square root of each number, and contiguously adjacent to a central reference point. The methods offer a pictorial format for showing contingency counts in a manner analogous to the graphs used for other forms of data.
journal_name
Int J Epidemioljournal_title
International journal of epidemiologyauthors
Feinstein AR,Kwoh CKdoi
10.1093/ije/17.1.222subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1988-03-01 00:00:00pages
222-4issue
1eissn
0300-5771issn
1464-3685journal_volume
17pub_type
杂志文章abstract::A study was made in five rural districts of Kwara State, Nigeria to assess the possible use of 'leopard skin' (Ls) as a rapid diagnostic technique for estimating the endemicity of African onchocerciasis. The findings revealed that there is a positive association between the percentage of subjects with skin microfilari...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/16.4.590
更新日期:1987-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Data from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a population-based, case-control study of breast cancer in African-American and white women residents of North Carolina, were evaluated to determine whether specific aspects of lactation are associated with a reduction in the risk of breast cancer. METHODS:Analyse...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/28.3.396
更新日期:1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality has more than halved in England since the 1980s, but there are few data on small-area trends. We estimated CVD mortality by ward in 5-year intervals between 1982 and 2006, and examined trends in relation to starting mortality, region and community deprivation. METHODS:...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dys151
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:To examine the association of a mismatch between educational qualifications and occupational attainment and subsequent declines in self-rated health (SRH) in a longitudinal nationally representative Canadian population sample. METHODS:This study used longitudinal data from 4045 healthy, working respondents ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyi047
更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:On the basis of a population-based cohort, we assessed the cancer risk, focusing on gynaecological cancers and pre-malignant lesions, among women with a previous tubal sterilization. METHODS:Using the Danish Hospital Discharge Register we identified 65 232 women who had a tubal sterilization (1977-1993). Th...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyh046
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The association between social ties and survival was assessed using a stratified sample of 1060 elderly aged 60-89 years in the city of Tampere, Finland. During the 6.5-year follow-up, 240 men and 153 women died. Compared with married men, the death rate ratio among unmarried men was 1.7 and among widowers 1.2. The re...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/18.1.158
更新日期:1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:This is a study of the associations of adult leg and trunk length with early life height and weight, diet, socioeconomic circumstances, and health, and parental height, divorce and death. METHOD:The data used were collected in a longitudinal study of the health, development and ageing of a British national ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2002-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1093/ije/dyp384
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal. Most countries have exhibited a stable or decreasing incidence over time. The aim of this study was to provide updated French temporal trends in pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality over the past three decades. Methods:Incidence was estimated using the Frenc...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyx088
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Only a few prospective studies have examined the relationship between the frequency of cigarette smoking and the incidence of diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to determine whether greater frequency of cigarette smoking accelerated the development of diabetes mellitus, and whether quitting reve...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/30.3.540
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The relationship between income and health is usually thought to be curvilinear, but previous studies have yielded inconsistent results. We therefore examined the shape of the relationship between household equivalent income and self-assessed health in seven European countries. METHODS:Data were obtained fr...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyh338
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Few data on birthweight distributions are available for Zimbabwe. This paper reports a study of 2140 births in Harare, Zimbabwe, occurring in April 1986. Births took place in public facilities, which are estimated to serve 85% of the urban population. Mean birthweight for the entire sample is 2970 g, and for singleton...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/19.1.98
更新日期:1990-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The purpose of this study was to analyse misclassification of height, weight and body mass index (BMI), derived from mail questionnaires, and its dependency on socioeconomic factors. METHODS:A random sample of 4442 adults aged 18-84 years, living in Stockholm county, Sweden, were in 1984-1985 asked about th...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/26.4.860
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::To obtain age- and gender-specific estimates of the prevalence of dementia in Europe and to study differences in prevalence across countries, we pooled and re-analysed original data of prevalence studies of dementia carried out in some European countries between 1980 and 1990. The study followed these steps: census of...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/20.3.736
更新日期:1991-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Interrupted time series designs are a valuable quasi-experimental approach for evaluating public health interventions. Interrupted time series extends a single group pre-post comparison by using multiple time points to control for underlying trends. But history bias-confounding by unexpected events occurring at the sa...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa152
更新日期:2021-01-23 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyp199
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyq061
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Predictions of primary liver cancer (PLC) incidence rates and case numbers are critical to understand and plan for PLC disease burden. METHODS:Data on PLC incidence rates and case numbers from 1990 to 2017 were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease database. The estimated average percentage change (EA...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa196
更新日期:2020-12-08 00:00:00
abstract::The ratio of test statistics has been used to compare the efficiency of matched and unmatched designs, and stratified and pooled analyses for case-control studies. The index has been computed for a wide range of population conditions and it is concluded that (a) pooled analysis is always more efficient than stratified...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/13.2.229
更新日期:1984-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Smoking increases the risk of squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix, but it is not clear whether smoking increases the risk of acquisition or persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. METHODS:Information on smoking was collected from 10 areas in four continents among population-based, age-stratif...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyn033
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1093/ije/20.supplement_2.s21
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A random population sample from Eastern Finland was studied. Altogether approximately 12 000 persons aged 25 to 59 years were examined with participation rate of 92%. Smoking, high saturated fat diet, increased serum cholesterol and elevated blood pressure showed clustering among men but not among women. Smoking tende...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/10.3.203
更新日期:1981-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/28.5.982
更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Evaluation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention strategies requires an on-going follow up of the frequency of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection. The aim of this study was to examine the trends in prevalence and incidence of HIV-1 infection among injecting drug users (IDU) duri...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/28.2.335
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although individual studies have been inconsistent, meta-analyses of epidemiological data suggest that high folate and vitamin B12 levels may be associated with increased prostate cancer risk. METHODS:Within JANUS, a prospective cohort in Norway (n = 317 000) with baseline serum samples, we conducted a nest...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dys199
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of rotavirus in non-bacterial gastroenteritis in Kuwait was investigated. Employing electronmicroscopy (EM) and enzyme-linked-immuno-sorbent-assay (ELISA) techniques, the virus was detected in the stools of 42 of 274 (15.3%) infants with the disease. A statistically significant association (P less than 0.05) ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/9.4.355
更新日期:1980-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Combatting Childhood Communicable Disease (CCCD) project is a comprehensive public health programme designed to reduce child mortality by 25% through the use of the following strategies: vaccination, oral rehydration therapy, and prompt treatment for malaria. To evaluate this programme, cross-sectional surveys wer...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/22.supplement_1.s15
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In an extensive health survey 115 male viscose rayon workers exposed to carbon disulphide (CS2) and 76 referents not exposed to this chemical were interviewed using the WHO cardiovascular questionnaire and responded to a self-administered questionnaire. A 12-lead ECG was taken and coded using the Minnesota code. Blood...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/21.4.745
更新日期:1992-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/27.4.647
更新日期:1998-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/12.4.482
更新日期:1983-12-01 00:00:00