An example of medical audit under political pressure.

abstract：BACKGROUND:Previous studies do not provide a clear picture of the relationship between nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) exposure and asthma. METHODS:Eighteen schools using unflued gas heating in winter were randomly allocated to either retain their heaters (10 control schools) or to have replacement flued gas or electric heat...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Pilotto LS,Nitschke M,Smith BJ,Pisaniello D,Ruffin RE,McElroy HJ,Martin J,Hiller JE

更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mortality rates from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in Australia for the period 1969-78 have been analysed by place of residence, occupation and country of birth. Large variations were found among subpopulations. Throughout the period IHD mortality was lowest among professional and farming occupations and highest among...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Gibberd RW,Dobson AJ,Florey CD,Leeder SR

更新日期：1984-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:It is widely believed that children of high socioeconomic status (SES) are more likely than those of low SES to develop acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Such observations have led to wide-ranging speculations about the potential aetiological role of factors associated with affluence and modernization. M...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Smith A,Roman E,Simpson J,Ansell P,Fear NT,Eden T

更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：Background:Bloodstream infections (BSI) cause considerable morbidity and mortality, and primary prevention should be a priority. Lifestyle factors are of particular interest since they represent a modifiable target. Methods:We conducted a prospective cohort study among participants in the population-based Norwegian HU...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Paulsen J,Askim Å,Mohus RM,Mehl A,Dewan A,Solligård E,Damås JK,Åsvold BO

更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A comparative study of the effects of combined oral contraceptives (OC) on coagulation and fibrinolytic variables using standardized laboratory technique and methodology has been performed in Dublin (Ireland), Salvador (Brazil), Santiago (Chile) and Singapore. Of 777 entrants to the study, 622 were randomly allocated ...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Leck I,Thomson JM,Bocaz JA,Barja P,Bonnar J,Daly L,Carrol A,Coutinho E,Goncalves M,Tsakok M

更新日期：1991-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Smoking is well established as a principal risk factor for lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer is about ten times higher in smokers in Western countries. In China, a number of epidemiological studies have investigated the association between lung cancer and smoking and in the present paper, a combined analysis of eig...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Liu Z

更新日期：1992-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The clustering of xerophthalmia in villages and in households was assessed among preschool children surveyed in the Lower Shire Valley, Malawi, and in Aceh province, Indonesia. Trachoma clustering was similarly assessed among the same children in Malawi. Trachoma clustered much more than xerophthalmia among villages a...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Katz J,Zeger SL,Tielsch JM

更新日期：1988-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The extensive rubella epidemic which occurred in Israel in 1972, had a considerable impact on the population at risk: 1. The spread of rubella infection into the community strongly influenced the extent of legal abortions: (a) 1 x 5 as many abortions for all causes were recorded in the epidemic year, as compared to th...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Swartz TA,Praiss I,Isacson M,Nishmi M,Ben-Porath E,Hornstein L

更新日期：1975-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Associations between soy, dairy intakes and breast cancer risk are inconsistent. No studies exist with large numbers of dairy consumers and soy consumers to assess mutual confounding. METHODS:The study cohort contains 52 795 North American women, initially free of cancer, followed for 7.9 years (29.7% were ...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Fraser GE,Jaceldo-Siegl K,Orlich M,Mashchak A,Sirirat R,Knutsen S

更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A review of the international epidemiological literature is undertaken with the view of identifying the main demographic and sociocultural features of MS as they apply to ethnic groups. Ethnic groups are differentiated principally in terms of three variables: race, religion, and nationality. Although MS is present in ...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Lowis GW

更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In 1983 and 1984, surveys were conducted in four Chinese population samples, urban and rural for both Beijing and Guangzhou, as part of PRC-USA collaborative research in cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary epidemiology. Serum total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were measured in 4280 ...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Tao S,Li Y,Xiao Z,Cen R,Zhang H,Zhuo Y,Zhou B,Chen P,Li Y,Liao Y

更新日期：1992-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The effect of behaviour on health is a major area of contemporary epidemiological enquiry. Most epidemiological studies of the effect of behaviour on health assume that the levels of the behaviour-related variables are determined by factors other than those under study. However, in many instances, obvious examples are...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Briscoe J,Akin J,Guilkey D

更新日期：1990-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Sexual behaviour data are crucial for understanding the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Over a period (1987-1992) in which the HIV epidemic increased public awareness of safe sexual practices, we describe predictors of condom use, changes in condom use over time, and the estimated effects of t...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Stigum H,Magnus P,Veierød M,Bakketeig LS

更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The relationship between risk of cervical neoplasia and various sociodemographic, reproductive and sexual characteristics was studied in 126 women (cases) with an abnormal Papanicolaou test finding and 1914 controls seen at the same clinic in which cases were detected but showing no evidence of cervical neoplasia. All...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Zaninetti P,Franceschi S,Baccolo M,Bonazzi B,Gottardi G,Serraino D

更新日期：1986-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid autoantibodies (TAA) to either microsome or thyroglobulin were measured in 1251 samples from the general population, 546 males and 705 females, aged 40 or over in Hisayama, a Japanese rural town. TAA was positive in 7.7% of men ...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Okamura K,Nakashima T,Ueda K,Inoue K,Omae T,Fujishima M

更新日期：1987-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Exposure to respirable crystalline silica is suggested to increase the risk of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. We examined the association between respirable crystalline silica exposure and systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and small vessel vasculitis. METHODS:In a cohort...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Boudigaard SH,Schlünssen V,Vestergaard JM,Søndergaard K,Torén K,Peters S,Kromhout H,Kolstad HA

更新日期：2021-01-18 00:00:00

abstract：:The 'Mendelian randomization' approach uses genotype as an instrumental variable to distinguish between causal and non-causal explanations of biomarker-disease associations. Classical methods for instrumental variable analysis are limited to linear or probit models without latent variables or missing data, rely on asy...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： McKeigue PM,Campbell H,Wild S,Vitart V,Hayward C,Rudan I,Wright AF,Wilson JF

更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Recently, using a counterfactual framework, a causal mediation analysis has been formalized to decompose the total effect of a time-fixed exposure on an outcome into four components that can be loosely defined as being components due to mediation only, interaction only, mediated interaction and neither. The ...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Mutlu U,Ikram MA,Ikram MK

更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Uncontrolled confounding by personal exposures like smoking can limit the inferential power of occupational cohort studies. We developed and demonstrate a refinement of an existing type of sensitivity analysis, indirect adjustment, for evaluating the potential magnitude of confounding by alcohol and tobacco....

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Kriebel D,Zeka A,Eisen EA,Wegman DH

更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Non-medical factors may be important determinants for granting disability pension (DP) even though disability is medically defined, as in Norway. The aim of this analysis was to identify determinants of DP in a total county population in a 10-year follow-up study. METHODS:Participants were people without DP...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Krokstad S,Johnsen R,Westin S

更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Depression has been associated with chronic changes in the serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) in observational studies, but it is unclear if this association is causal or is due to confounding and bias. Genetic studies are less subject to this type of error and offer an opportunity to investigat...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Almeida OP,Norman PE,Allcock R,van Bockxmeer F,Hankey GJ,Jamrozik K,Flicker L

更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The statistical power of prospective studies on diet in relation to chronic disease risk can be improved by maximizing the variation in true intake levels actually distinguished--or 'predicted'--by dietary questionnaire assessments collected at baseline. This can be achieved by 1) developing a questionnaire method tha...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Kaaks R,Riboli E

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The proportional relationships of the four numbers in a 2 x 2 table can be displayed using two types of box graphs. In one approach, a 'unitary square' is first divided according to the denominator proportions of the two groups formed in a cohort or case-control study, and then re-divided according to the numerator pr...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Feinstein AR,Kwoh CK

更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：Background:An increasing number of original studies suggest that exposure to shift work could be associated with the risk of overweight and obesity, but the results remain conflicted and inconclusive. This study aimed to quantitatively synthesize available epidemiological evidence on the association between shift work ...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Liu Q,Shi J,Duan P,Liu B,Li T,Wang C,Li H,Yang T,Gan Y,Wang X,Cao S,Lu Z

更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Despite positive changes in most maternal risk factors in Brazil, previous studies did not show reductions in preterm birth and low birthweight. We analysed trends and inequalities in these outcomes over a 33-year period in a Brazilian city. METHODS:Four population-based birth cohort studies were carried ou...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Silveira MF,Victora CG,Horta BL,da Silva BGC,Matijasevich A,Barros FC,Pelotas Cohorts Study Group.

更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Geoffrey Rose's 1985 paper, Sick individuals and sick populations, continues to spark debate and discussion. Since this original publication, there have been two notable challenges to Rose's population strategy of prevention. First, identification of high-risk individuals has improved considerably in accuracy, which s...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： McLaren L,McIntyre L,Kirkpatrick S

更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The role of rotavirus in non-bacterial gastroenteritis in Kuwait was investigated. Employing electronmicroscopy (EM) and enzyme-linked-immuno-sorbent-assay (ELISA) techniques, the virus was detected in the stools of 42 of 274 (15.3%) infants with the disease. A statistically significant association (P less than 0.05) ...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Al-Nakib W,Chrystie IL,Banatvala JE,Al-Sayegh F

更新日期：1980-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In view of the many changes in the approach to the detection and management of hypertension that have occurred, the paucity of current data on this subject in Israel limits the possibilities of making international comparisons or evaluating trends. This study contributes recent information on the occupationally-active...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Green MS,Peled I

更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Aetiological profiles of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) may differ depending upon whether the disease is inheritance-related or sporadic. Because familial risk (a probable surrogate of inheritance-relatedness) of NHL is influenced by haematolymphoproliferative malignancies (HLPM), we evaluated whether non-fami...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Zhu K,Levine RS,Brann EA,Gu Y,Caplan LS,Hall I,Baum MK

更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A continuum of reproductive causality is postulated, extending from fetal deaths - abortion, stillbirth, and neonatal - through a descending gradient of brain damage manifested in neuropsychiatric disorders. The research and administrative public health implications of these findings and the concept of the continuum a...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Lilienfeld AM,Pasamanick B,Rogers M

更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00