Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Uncontrolled confounding by personal exposures like smoking can limit the inferential power of occupational cohort studies. We developed and demonstrate a refinement of an existing type of sensitivity analysis, indirect adjustment, for evaluating the potential magnitude of confounding by alcohol and tobacco. Results of a large retrospective cohort study of laryngeal cancer and exposure to metalworking fluids (MWF) are used to illustrate the methods. METHODS:Data on smoking and drinking habits representative of the study cohort were obtained from a sample of US manufacturing workers from the 1977 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Two different mechanisms were assumed to affect the distribution of confounding factors between MWF exposure groups: socially determined and chance differences. Chance variation was investigated with Monte Carlo sampling from the NHIS survey distribution of smoking and drinking. An upper bound on systematic differences in smoking and drinking was set by assuming that differences between exposure groups within the same unionized blue collar workforce were very unlikely to be larger than differences between blue and white collar manufacturing workers in the NHIS data. RESULTS:Under plausibly large differences in smoking and drinking habits among MWF exposure groups occurring by either mechanism, the exposure-risk association was unlikely to have been over- or under-estimated by as much as 20%. CONCLUSIONS:When comparing exposure groups within the same working population, it is unlikely that either systematic or chance differences in smoking and drinking habits will cause as much as a 20% change in the relative risk in large studies. While this study focused on an occupational exposure and laryngeal cancer, there are many situations in which epidemiologists are concerned that unmeasured 'lifestyle factors' may differ among exposure groups, and it would appear that the likely confounding effect of such differences will often be modest.
journal_name
Int J Epidemioljournal_title
International journal of epidemiologyauthors
Kriebel D,Zeka A,Eisen EA,Wegman DHdoi
10.1093/ije/dyh151keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-10-01 00:00:00pages
1040-5issue
5eissn
0300-5771issn
1464-3685pii
dyh151journal_volume
33pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:We evaluated the reproducibility and relative validity of a 190-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to be used in a large prospective study in the Athens area of Greece. METHODS:In all, 42 men and 38 women, aged 25-67 years, completed two self-administered semi-quantitative FFQ spaced ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/26.suppl_1.s118
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Evaluation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention strategies requires an on-going follow up of the frequency of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection. The aim of this study was to examine the trends in prevalence and incidence of HIV-1 infection among injecting drug users (IDU) duri...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/28.2.335
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), an oxidant gas that contaminates both outdoor and indoor air, is considered to be a potential risk factor for asthma. We investigated concurrently the effects of outdoor and indoor NO(2) on the prevalence and incidence of respiratory symptoms among children. METHODS:A cohort study ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/29.5.862
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parental occupational exposures to chemical carcinogens have been associated with malignancies in offspring. Recent studies have raised the issue that electromagnetic fields may play a role in carcinogenesis. We conducted a population-based case-control study testing for an association between the occurrence of a nerv...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/18.4.756
更新日期:1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In order to study differences in mortality and causes of death between HIV positive and HIV negative intravenous drug users (IVDU), 1009 (180 HIV positive and 829 HIV negative) IVDU in Oslo, Norway, were followed from their first HIV test for a mean period of 36 months (range 1-67 months). Eighty-seven (55 HIV negativ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/22.2.315
更新日期:1993-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aboriginal communities have a high prevalence of upper and lower respiratory tract disease. One thousand two hundred and eighty seven West Australian Aborigines and 265 non-Aborigines were examined. Twenty nine per cent of Aborigines had lower respiratory tract abnormalities. Amongst 635 Aboriginal children less than ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/12.1.105
更新日期:1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Urbanization in developing countries is usually accompanied by migration to cities, making it a challenge to unpack the independent relationships between migration, urbanization and health, particularly in the presence of health-selective migration. Since 1978, unprecedented planned urbanization has taken pl...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyz031
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The characteristics of 673 mothers of twins were compared to those of a matched sample of mothers of singletons. Both groups of mothers were interviewed just after delivery, and births in each group were matched for time and place. Of the characteristics studied, the use of oral contraceptives (OC) displayed a signifi...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/10.4.319
更新日期:1981-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Mortality in developing countries has multiple causes. Some of these causes are linked to climatic conditions that differ over the year. Data on season-specific mortality are sparse. METHODS:We analysed longitudinal data from a population of approximately 35,000 individuals in Burkina Faso. During the obser...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyi150
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Consultation waiting rooms and similar medical settings, either public or private, are places where children have higher probability of acquiring some infectious diseases, especially during outbreaks. METHODS:During a measles outbreak which occurred in Lisbon in 1989 a case-control study was carried out in ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/23.4.843
更新日期:1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The objective of this study is to measure the association between protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in children and their mothers' mental health, in a low income area in the city of Embú, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS:A case-control study was performed. Cases were 60 moderately and severely malnourished childr...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/25.1.128
更新日期:1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cirrhosis mortality death rates in Ontario for ages 20 and over declined from a high of 9.3 per 100,000 in 1911 to a low of 5.6 per 100,000 in 1919 (p less than 0.001) and after a 17-year period of relative stability, rose steadily to a high of 19.7 per 100,000 in 1975 (p less than 0.0001) and then declined to 13.3 pe...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/20.1.199
更新日期:1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In many countries, little is known about adult mortality rates. New innovations are necessary to develop reasonable estimates from available information. One readily available resource is household survey data. While birth histories collected in surveys have produced reasonable estimates of child mortality, ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/ije/dyh099
更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A serological survey of a random sample of 541 of the population of St Lucia was undertaken. The prevalence of antibodies to dengue, herpes virus, VZ, rotavirus, rubella and syphilis is described and compared with other communities. ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/8.4.327
更新日期:1979-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Genital herpes infection is life-long and may result in painful and recurrent genital lesions, systemic complications, serious psychosocial morbidity, and rare but serious outcomes in neonates born to infected women, including permanent neurological handicap and death. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 is the principal cau...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/ije/26.4.698
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::We examine the resource implications of two potential health services aimed at preventing congenital toxoplasmosis: a screening service involving serological surveillance for toxoplasma infection in pregnant women and its prophylactic treatment; and a health education campaign to help pregnant women avoid acquiring to...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/13.1.65
更新日期:1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Potential benefits of preventing continued alcohol intake in individuals presenting at the hospital with an alcohol problem can be highlighted by studying their excess risk of subsequent morbidity and mortality. METHODS:All Danish residents with a first-time hospital contact with alcohol problems (intoxicat...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyz159
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Interest has recently emerged about the increasing trend of pancreatic cancer mortality in Taiwan, particularly in the elderly. The mortality data of pancreatic cancer over the period 1971-1986 for males and females aged 40-84 in Taiwan were analysed using a log-linear Poisson model to examine the effects of age, cale...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/19.4.839
更新日期:1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Each of three consecutive cold seasons (November-March) in the town of Tiberias, Israel, was dominated by one particular rotavirus serotype causing acute diarrhoea in the community: the 1987/88 season by serotype-2; 1988/89 by serotype-1 and 1989/90 by serotype-4. Each season was also characterized by a particular pat...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/21.2.399
更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::To develop a procedure for maximizing the discrimination of smoking status, the authors analysed parallel samples of thiocyanate and cotinine in serum, and carbon monoxide (CO) in expired air in a cohort of 145 male subjects aged 45-65 years. The sensitivity and specificity were 93% and 82%, 97% and 83%, and 98% and 1...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/21.3.488
更新日期:1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:The aim of the present historical cohort study was to enhance the understanding of the unusual mortality pattern seen among seafarers. The main object was to describe the mortality pattern of Danish seafarers in recent years with special reference to the influence of accidents in the maritime workplace and a...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/25.6.1237
更新日期:1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Complicated HIV transmission dynamics make it unclear how to design and interpret results from community-randomized controlled trials (CRCT) of interventions to prevent infection. METHODS:Mathematical modelling was used to investigate the effectiveness of interventions to prevent HIV transmission aimed at h...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dym232
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:AIM AND METHODS:To discuss evidence for and against genetic 'causes' of type 2 diabetes, illustrated by standardized study of glucose intolerance and high blood pressure in four representative African origin populations. Comparison of two genetically closer sites: rural (site 1) and urban Cameroon (2); then Jamaica (3)...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/30.1.111
更新日期:2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:International rankings of infant mortality rates have been consistently lower for the US than other industrialized countries, and this ranking has been falling. This study examines the influence of birth registrations among very low birthweight infants on these international rankings. METHODS:Birth rates of...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/24.3.583
更新日期:1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Non-medical factors may be important determinants for granting disability pension (DP) even though disability is medically defined, as in Norway. The aim of this analysis was to identify determinants of DP in a total county population in a 10-year follow-up study. METHODS:Participants were people without DP...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/31.6.1183
更新日期:2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Debates exist over whether health inequities are bound to rise as population health improves, due to health improving more quickly among the better off, with most analyses focused on mortality data. METHODS:We analysed 50 years of socioeconomic inequities in measured health status among US-born Black and Wh...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyu047
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relationship between pet ownership and respiratory allergy and symptoms was investigated in a population of 3344 Dutch children of 6-12 years old. Pet ownership was defined by the presence of cats, dogs, birds and/or rodents in the home. The reported prevalence of respiratory allergy and symptoms was lower among c...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/21.2.338
更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Socioeconomic conditions are important in explaining variation in cardiovascular morbidity in advanced societies. To analyse whether cardiovascular risk factors vary according to socioeconomic status in a developing country, and more specifically, in an urban area of China, we compared data from structured interviews ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/19.4.905
更新日期:1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:This article examines whether the neighbourhood environment influences intermediate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, such as obesity (body mass index [BMI]), and lifestyle factors, such as no physical activity and smoking, when adjusted for the individual socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS:The st...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/28.5.841
更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:An ideological climate has persisted in Korea that has discouraged public discussion of social inequalities. Thus studies on inequalities in mortality remain undeveloped. This study is to examine age- and cause-specific socioeconomic mortality differentials for both men and women representative of the Korean...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyg244
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00