Abstract:
:The clustering of xerophthalmia in villages and in households was assessed among preschool children surveyed in the Lower Shire Valley, Malawi, and in Aceh province, Indonesia. Trachoma clustering was similarly assessed among the same children in Malawi. Trachoma clustered much more than xerophthalmia among villages and among households. The impact of xerophthalmia clustering on sample size considerations for future surveys or interventions was similar in Malawi and Indonesia. Village clustering of xerophthalmia would necessitate a twofold increase in sample size. Household clustering in the absence of village clustering would have almost no impact on sample size. Village clustering of trachoma would necessitate a ninefold increase in sample size. Household clustering would increase sample size requirements by 26%.
journal_name
Int J Epidemioljournal_title
International journal of epidemiologyauthors
Katz J,Zeger SL,Tielsch JMdoi
10.1093/ije/17.4.865subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1988-12-01 00:00:00pages
865-9issue
4eissn
0300-5771issn
1464-3685journal_volume
17pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:Lower maternal serum vitamin B12 (B12) and folate levels have been associated with lower offspring birthweight, in observational studies. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this relationship is causal. METHODS:We performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using summary data on associati...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa256
更新日期:2020-12-21 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women and the incidence has increased over time. Our objectives were to study: (1) the socioeconomic differences in breast cancer incidence and mortality in Denmark, (2) how different socioeconomic groups have contributed to the increasing incidence, (3) whether t...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyg049
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:End-stage renal disease (ESRD) incidence and prevalence are increasing in many countries worldwide. Due to the high cost of therapy, predicting future numbers of patients requiring dialysis and transplantation is necessary for health care planners. Projecting therapy-specific chronic disease prevalence is in...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/27.2.274
更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To examine whether educational attainment and intelligence have causal effects on risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), independently of each other. DESIGN:Two-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) to estimate the causal effects of education on intelligence and vice versa, and the to...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyz280
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::To examine whether chlorination of drinking water was associated with cancer of the digestive or other organs, an ecological epidemiological study using nationwide incidence data from the Cancer Registry of Norway was carried out. On two geographical levels (counties and municipalities), both for men and women, chlori...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/21.1.6
更新日期:1992-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A case-control study of rotavirus diarrhoea in Apache children up to two years old was conducted at the White Mountain Apache reservation from 1 May through 15 December 1985 to identify risk factors for rotavirus diarrhoea. The mothers of fifty cases, forty-five hospital controls and twenty-five neighbourhood controls...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/19.3.715
更新日期:1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:There is evidence that occupational factors that cause psychological strain can affect physical and mental health, but findings are not consistent. METHODS:Work satisfaction was used as a convenient global index of job-related psychological strain. Relationships with general, physical and emotional health, ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/23.1.98
更新日期:1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Evidence suggests that in utero exposure to undernutrition and overnutrition might affect adiposity in later life. Epigenetic modification is suggested as a plausible mediating mechanism. METHODS:We used multivariable linear regression and a negative control design to examine offspring epigenome-wide DNA me...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyv042
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The male:female (M:F) mortality ratio for under-five mortality varies considerably across and within societies. Maternal education has been linked to better outcomes for girls, but the evidence is mixed. We examined how the M:F ratio for under-five mortality varies by maternal education in sub-Saharan Africa...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dys201
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Previous studies on the association between childhood infections and childhood leukaemia have produced inconsistent results, likely due to the recall error/bias of infection data reported by the parents. The current study used a population-based and record-based case-control design to evaluate the associatio...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dys113
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mortality rates for cancers of 13 sites in 34 countries were analysed using two data reduction techniques, factor and cluster analysis. Factor analysis identified two independent underlying factors which appear to influence cancer mortality patterns. The first factor, which appears to be related to affluence, may repr...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/16.4.501
更新日期:1987-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A prediction of the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) population in Japan from 1980 to 2000 was made using a system dynamics model based on previously published estimates. It is estimated that the ESRD population will be 145,750 (1111 per million population (pmp)) by the year 2000, if renal transplantation gradually incr...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/20.4.1032
更新日期:1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Social inequities and their relation to health form a topic of growing concern in the Netherlands. The present investigation on educational level and mortality was carried out in a cohort of men born in 1932, examined for military service in 1950/1951 and for whom vital statistics could be obtained. In the group of 78...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/19.2.374
更新日期:1990-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parental occupational exposures to chemical carcinogens have been associated with malignancies in offspring. Recent studies have raised the issue that electromagnetic fields may play a role in carcinogenesis. We conducted a population-based case-control study testing for an association between the occurrence of a nerv...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/18.4.756
更新日期:1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Endometriosis has been associated with a higher risk of cutaneous melanoma, but the mechanisms underlying this association are unknown.Some constitutional factors known to influence melanoma risk have been associated with endometriosis in some retrospective studies. However, prospective data are scarce, and ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyt235
更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is usually based on trials where patients are randomized individually into two different, parallel, treatment groups. This paper concentrates on RCTs of a different design-two-period, two-treatment cross-over trials. METHODS:The characteristics of these t...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/31.1.140
更新日期:2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although individual studies have been inconsistent, meta-analyses of epidemiological data suggest that high folate and vitamin B12 levels may be associated with increased prostate cancer risk. METHODS:Within JANUS, a prospective cohort in Norway (n = 317 000) with baseline serum samples, we conducted a nest...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dys199
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Smoking is well established as a principal risk factor for lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer is about ten times higher in smokers in Western countries. In China, a number of epidemiological studies have investigated the association between lung cancer and smoking and in the present paper, a combined analysis of eig...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/21.2.197
更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Accumulating evidence suggests that aspirin use may improve survival in cancer patients, however, for endometrial cancer, epidemiological evidence is limited and results are equivocal. In a nationwide cohort study, we examined the association between post-diagnostic low-dose aspirin use and endometrial cance...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyz253
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Age-standardized cancer death rates in Puerto Rican-born males and females residing in New York City have been calculated for 1979-81, and compared with those for white non-Puerto Rican-born people. For all population groups the rates in 1979-81 have been compared with rates in 1969-71. For some cancer sites, in parti...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/15.1.30
更新日期:1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Nicotine dependence is a significant public health problem. This study attempted to characterize the prevalence and familial aggregation of nicotine dependence in China. METHODS:In 1998, we initiated a community-based cross-sectional study among residents of the Yuexi County in Anqing, China. A total of 991...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1093/ije/29.2.248
更新日期:2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Children with a diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD) have lower cognitive ability and are at risk of adverse educational outcomes; ADHD genetic risks have been found to predict childhood cognitive ability and other neurodevelopmental traits in the general population; thus genetic risks...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyw216
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::One task faced by public health surveillance practitioners is the timely identification of data patterns that might suggest the onset of an epidemic period. Many available techniques for analysis of surveillance data are based on sequential procedures, which predict expected numbers of cases and compare this estimate ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/23.2.408
更新日期:1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The relationship between cutaneous malignant melanoma and sunlamp use is examined in a Caucasian population in Connecticut, United States. METHODS:Cases were diagnosed between 15 January 1987 and 15 May 1987 with a first primary cutaneous melanoma. Controls were obtained from the general population, frequen...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/27.5.758
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) appears to be the primary aetiologic agent of Kaposi sarcoma (KS). To study the distribution of HHV8, a seroepidemiological study was carried out in western Sicily, where a high incidence rate of classical KS is well documented. METHODS:A total of 970 sera of healthy human immuno...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/29.1.175
更新日期:2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Increasing evidence links chronic infections, especially burden of several infections, with increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We studied joint immune response against two major periodontal pathogens and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in relation to established risk factors of CVD. METHODS:Serum ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyl166
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the Region of Rijeka, Croatia, a combined vaccination programme against rubella has been carried out since 1976, so that children of both sexes are vaccinated at age 15 months and all girls at the age of 14 (8th grade of primary school). This vaccination programme has been carried out unchanged up till now. In 1989...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/24.2.453
更新日期:1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Sexual behaviour data are crucial for understanding the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Over a period (1987-1992) in which the HIV epidemic increased public awareness of safe sexual practices, we describe predictors of condom use, changes in condom use over time, and the estimated effects of t...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/24.4.813
更新日期:1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:We enrolled a cohort of primary schoolchildren with a history of wheeze (n = 148) in an 11-month longitudinal study to examine the relationship between ambient ozone concentrations and peak expiratory flow rate. METHODS:Enrolled children recorded peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) twice daily. We obtained ai...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The terminology describing missingness mechanisms is confusing. In particular the meaning of 'missing at random' is often misunderstood, leading researchers faced with missing data problems away from multiple imputation, a method with considerable advantages. The purpose of this article is to clarify how 'missing at r...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyu080
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00