Chlorination of drinking water and cancer incidence in Norway.

Abstract:

:To examine whether chlorination of drinking water was associated with cancer of the digestive or other organs, an ecological epidemiological study using nationwide incidence data from the Cancer Registry of Norway was carried out. On two geographical levels (counties and municipalities), both for men and women, chlorination of drinking water was associated with an increased incidence of cancer of the colon and rectum. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, also measured on a geographical basis, the associations were still significant at the county level (adjusted for population density, income, education, fat and fibre intake etc.), but not at the municipality level. The observed associations are weak, chlorination being associated with a 20-40% increase in colorectal cancer rates. Due to inherent methodological limitations in ecological studies like the present one, causal interpretations should be made with great care. Thus, although the results give some support to the hypothesis that drinking water chlorination is associated with colorectal cancer, they do not provide strong evidence of a causal relationship.

journal_name

Int J Epidemiol

authors

Flaten TP

doi

10.1093/ije/21.1.6

keywords:

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

1992-02-01 00:00:00

pages

6-15

issue

1

eissn

0300-5771

issn

1464-3685

journal_volume

21

pub_type

杂志文章
  • Pertussis in Poland.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Since 1997, an unexpected 2-5-fold increase in the incidence of pertussis has been reported in Poland in comparison with the previous 10 years, although the introduction of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccination in 1960 reduced the incidence of pertussis approximately 100-fold in the 1980s. The a...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/dyh012

    authors: Gzyl A,Augustynowicz E,Rabczenko D,Gniadek G,Slusarczyk J

    更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00

  • Modelling the annual risk of tuberculosis infection.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Tuberculosis has been declining in developed countries for a long time, as a result of the intrinsic epidemiological characteristics of this disease, combined with improvement in the standard of living and more recently the use of antibiotics. In these low prevalence countries, decisions concerning the objec...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/26.1.190

    authors: Garcia A,Maccario J,Richardson S

    更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00

  • Work and leisure time physical activity assessed using a simple, pragmatic, validated questionnaire and incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer in Norfolk prospective pop

    abstract:BACKGROUND:The health benefits of physical activity are well established, but the overall amount of physical activity associated with cardiovascular and other health outcomes, and whether the relationships are similar in men and women and at different ages is still debated. This may be partly related to different metho...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/dyl079

    authors: Khaw KT,Jakes R,Bingham S,Welch A,Luben R,Day N,Wareham N

    更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00

  • Validity and repeatability of a modified Baecke questionnaire on physical activity.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:In a pilot study for the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) a modification of the Baecke questionnaire on physical activity was tested for repeatability and relative validity in a population of 134 men and women aged 20-70 years. METHODS:For the assessment of repeatability P...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/24.2.381

    authors: Pols MA,Peeters PH,Bueno-De-Mesquita HB,Ocké MC,Wentink CA,Kemper HC,Collette HJ

    更新日期:1995-04-01 00:00:00

  • Registration of births, stillbirths and infant deaths in Jamaica.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Vital statistics underestimate the prevalence of perinatal and infant deaths. This is particularly significant when these parameters affect eligibility for international assistance for newly emerging nations. OBJECTIVE:To determine the level of registration of livebirths, stillbirths and infant deaths in Ja...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/25.4.807

    authors: McCaw-Binns AM,Fox K,Foster-Williams KE,Ashley DE,Irons B

    更新日期:1996-08-01 00:00:00

  • Induced abortion and low birthweight in the following pregnancy.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:To examine whether induced abortion increases the risk of low birthweight in subsequent singleton live births. METHODS:Cohort study using the Danish Medical Birth Registry (MBR), the Hospital Discharge Registry (HDR), and the Induced Abortion Registry (IAR). All women who had their first pregnancy during 19...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/29.1.100

    authors: Zhou W,Sørensen HT,Olsen J

    更新日期:2000-02-01 00:00:00

  • Medically diagnosed infections and risk of childhood leukaemia: a population-based case-control study.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Previous studies on the association between childhood infections and childhood leukaemia have produced inconsistent results, likely due to the recall error/bias of infection data reported by the parents. The current study used a population-based and record-based case-control design to evaluate the associatio...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/dys113

    authors: Chang JS,Tsai CR,Tsai YW,Wiemels JL

    更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00

  • Interrupted time series regression for the evaluation of public health interventions: a tutorial.

    abstract::Interrupted time series (ITS) analysis is a valuable study design for evaluating the effectiveness of population-level health interventions that have been implemented at a clearly defined point in time. It is increasingly being used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions ranging from clinical therapy to nation...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/dyw098

    authors: Bernal JL,Cummins S,Gasparrini A

    更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00

  • The incidence of cancer among blood donors.

    abstract::This study presents data on cancer incidence among 37,795 blood donors in an attempt to test the hypothesis that blood donation might be associated with cancer development. At a median follow-up time of nine years (range 5-13 years) a total of 1152 cancer cases have been diagnosed. The expected number of cancer cases ...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/19.3.505

    authors: Merk K,Mattsson B,Mattsson A,Holm G,Gullbring B,Björkholm M

    更新日期:1990-09-01 00:00:00

  • Are cancers of the salivary gland increasing? Experience from Connecticut, USA.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Recent studies indicate that cancers of the salivary gland are increasing, and the factors responsible for the increase are unknown. Artefactual changes, such as shift in classifying cancers of the floor of the mouth to cancers of the salivary gland, could affect the time trend for salivary gland cancer. ME...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/26.2.264

    authors: Zheng T,Holford TR,Chen Y,Ward B,Liu W,Flannery J,Boyle P

    更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00

  • Respiratory disease amongst Aborigines in the Pilbara.

    abstract::Aboriginal communities have a high prevalence of upper and lower respiratory tract disease. One thousand two hundred and eighty seven West Australian Aborigines and 265 non-Aborigines were examined. Twenty nine per cent of Aborigines had lower respiratory tract abnormalities. Amongst 635 Aboriginal children less than ...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/12.1.105

    authors: Torzillo PJ,Waterford JE,Hollows FC,Jones DL

    更新日期:1983-03-01 00:00:00

  • Relationship between neighbourhood-level killed oral cholera vaccine coverage and protective efficacy: evidence for herd immunity.

    abstract:OBJECTIVES:The effectiveness of vaccines in populations must consider both direct and indirect protection. This study reanalyses data from a large individually randomized oral cholera vaccine trial that was conducted in rural Bangladesh from 1985 to 1990. A recent analysis of the results of that trial showed that the p...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/dyl100

    authors: Emch M,Ali M,Park JK,Yunus M,Sack DA,Clemens JD

    更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00

  • Towards a risk map of malaria for Sri Lanka: the importance of house location relative to vector breeding sites.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:In Sri Lanka, the major malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies breeds in pools formed in streams and river beds and it is likely that people living close to such breeding sites are at higher risk of malaria than people living further away. This study was done to quantify the importance of house location relat...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/dyg055

    authors: Van Der Hoek W,Konradsen F,Amerasinghe PH,Perera D,Piyaratne MK,Amerasinghe FP

    更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00

  • Poverty area residence and changes in depression and perceived health status: evidence from the Alameda County Study.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Previous evidence from the Alameda County Study indicated that residential area has an independent effect on risk for mortality, adjusting for a variety of important individual characteristics. The current research examined the effect of poverty area residence on risk for developing depressive symptoms and d...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/28.1.90

    authors: Yen IH,Kaplan GA

    更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00

  • Mortality and cancer incidence in Vietnamese refugees in England and Wales: a follow-up study.

    abstract::Mortality and cancer incidence were analysed in follow-up of a cohort of 3327 Vietnamese refugees who came to Britain after the end of the Vietnam war. Overall mortality of the refugees was very low compared to expectations based on England and Wales national rates: the all-cause standardized mortality ratio for males...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/20.1.13

    authors: Swerdlow Aj

    更新日期:1991-03-01 00:00:00

  • Smoking and human papillomavirus infection: pooled analysis of the International Agency for Research on Cancer HPV Prevalence Surveys.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Smoking increases the risk of squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix, but it is not clear whether smoking increases the risk of acquisition or persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. METHODS:Information on smoking was collected from 10 areas in four continents among population-based, age-stratif...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/dyn033

    authors: Vaccarella S,Herrero R,Snijders PJ,Dai M,Thomas JO,Hieu NT,Ferreccio C,Matos E,Posso H,de Sanjosé S,Shin HR,Sukvirach S,Lazcano-Ponce E,Muñoz N,Meijer CJ,Franceschi S,IARC HPV Prevalence Surveys (IHPS) Study Group.

    更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00

  • A competing-risk model based on the life table procedure in epidemiological studies.

    abstract::In this paper, a new non-parametric competing-risk model is proposed. This model takes relative susceptibility into account, and is thus free from the usual assumption of independence between competing causes of death. Another feature of the model is the adjustments of survivors and deaths as a results of the eliminat...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/6.2.153

    authors: Wong O

    更新日期:1977-06-01 00:00:00

  • Serum lipids and their correlates in Chinese urban and rural populations of Beijing and Guangzhou. PRC-USA Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Epidemiology Research Group.

    abstract::In 1983 and 1984, surveys were conducted in four Chinese population samples, urban and rural for both Beijing and Guangzhou, as part of PRC-USA collaborative research in cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary epidemiology. Serum total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were measured in 4280 ...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/21.5.893

    authors: Tao S,Li Y,Xiao Z,Cen R,Zhang H,Zhuo Y,Zhou B,Chen P,Li Y,Liao Y

    更新日期:1992-10-01 00:00:00

  • An example of medical audit under political pressure.

    abstract::Management of medical services necessitates decisions regarding the possibly ineffective treatment programmes, hospitals and (even) individual practitioners. Although rigorous evaluations of effectiveness can only be achieved by randomized trials there has been, in recent years, much increase in audit (or peer review)...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/12.4.482

    authors: West RR,Willis JD

    更新日期:1983-12-01 00:00:00

  • The population dynamics of cancer: a Darwinian perspective.

    abstract::Carcinogenesis, at least for some types of cancer, can be interpreted as the consequence of selection of mutated cells similar to what, in the theory of evolution, occurs at the population level. Instead of considering a population of organisms, we can refer to a population of cells belonging to multicellular organism...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1093/ije/dyl185

    authors: Vineis P,Berwick M

    更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00

  • Changing patterns of ischaemic heart disease mortality in New Jersey 1968-1982, and the relationship with urbanization.

    abstract::Geographical variations in the declining rates of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality may provide clues about various environmental risk factors responsible as a mass influence on the population IHD rate. The rate of IHD decline in 18 of 21 NJ counties was 2 to 45% less than the USA national rate of decline. The o...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/19.1.26

    authors: Najem GR,Hutcheon DE,Feuerman M

    更新日期:1990-03-01 00:00:00

  • Community-wide epidemiological investigation of a typhoid outbreak in a rural township in Taiwan, Republic of China.

    abstract::An outbreak of typhoid fever occurred in Chu-Tung township, Taiwan, with dates of onset from 6 July to 8 August, 1983. Fifty-four cases were hospitalized, of which 52 were laboratory confirmed. A chloramphenicol-resistant strain of Salmonella typhi was isolated from patients' blood samples. A community survey of 2772 ...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/18.1.254

    authors: King CC,Chen CJ,You SL,Chuang YC,Huang HH,Tsai WC

    更新日期:1989-03-01 00:00:00

  • Bias in diet assessment methods--consequences of collinearity and measurement errors on power and observed relative risks.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:If several risk factors for disease are considered in a regression model and these factors are affected by measurement errors, the observed relative risk will be attenuated. In nutritional epidemiology, several nutrient variables show strong correlation, described as collinearity. The observed relative risk ...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/26.5.1071

    authors: Elmståhl S,Gullberg B

    更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00

  • Sibship structure and risk of infectious mononucleosis: a population-based cohort study.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Present understanding of increased risk of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related infectious mononucleosis among children of low birth order or small sibships is mainly based on old and indirect evidence. Societal changes and methodological limitations of previous studies call for new data. METHODS:We used data f...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/dyu118

    authors: Rostgaard K,Nielsen TR,Wohlfahrt J,Ullum H,Pedersen O,Erikstrup C,Nielsen LP,Hjalgrim H

    更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00

  • Genital herpes infection: a review.

    abstract::Genital herpes infection is life-long and may result in painful and recurrent genital lesions, systemic complications, serious psychosocial morbidity, and rare but serious outcomes in neonates born to infected women, including permanent neurological handicap and death. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 is the principal cau...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1093/ije/26.4.698

    authors: Brugha R,Keersmaekers K,Renton A,Meheus A

    更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00

  • The impact of the major causes of death on life expectancy in Italy.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:This study aims to evaluate the contribution of the reduction in major cardiovascular diseases (CVD), malignant neoplasms (MN), accidents and AIDS mortality to the gains in life expectancy observed during the decade 1985-1994, as well as to calculate and compare the potential gains due to the partial or tota...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/28.5.905

    authors: Conti S,Farchi G,Masocco M,Toccaceli V,Vichi M

    更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00

  • Smoking among junior high school students in Nagoya, Japan.

    abstract::A questionnaire survey was administered in January 1982 to 3090 junior high school boys and girls in Nagoya, Japan. The proportion of current regular smokers who smoke at least one cigarette per week was 3.6% for boys and 0.5% for girls. By the third grade this had increased to 6.9% and 1.2% respectively for each sex....

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/17.4.814

    authors: Ogawa H,Tominaga S,Gellert G,Aoki K

    更新日期:1988-12-01 00:00:00

  • Mortality from rheumatoid arthritis in France, 1970-1990.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:The degree to which rheumatoid arthritis (RA) influences life expectancy and mortality remains controversial. There have been few attempts to analyse death certificate data for this condition. Despite limitations, the information derived from detailed death certificate analysis for a large population over a ...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/23.3.545

    authors: Coste J,Jougla E

    更新日期:1994-06-01 00:00:00

  • Increasing mortality during the expansions of the US economy, 1900-1996.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:In Western countries mortality dropped throughout the 20th century, but over and above the long-term falling trend, the death rate has oscillated over time. It has been postulated that these short-term oscillations may be related to changes in the economy. METHODS:To ascertain if these short-term oscillatio...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/ije/dyi141

    authors: Tapia Granados JA

    更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00

  • Indoor air pollution from solid fuels and risk of hypopharyngeal/laryngeal and lung cancers: a multicentric case-control study from India.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:A recent monograph by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has identified indoor air pollution from coal usage as a known human carcinogen, while that from biomass as a probable human carcinogen. Although as much as 74% of the Indian population relies on solid fuels for cooking, very little...

    journal_title:International journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.1093/ije/dym261

    authors: Sapkota A,Gajalakshmi V,Jetly DH,Roychowdhury S,Dikshit RP,Brennan P,Hashibe M,Boffetta P

    更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00