Abstract:
:To examine whether chlorination of drinking water was associated with cancer of the digestive or other organs, an ecological epidemiological study using nationwide incidence data from the Cancer Registry of Norway was carried out. On two geographical levels (counties and municipalities), both for men and women, chlorination of drinking water was associated with an increased incidence of cancer of the colon and rectum. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, also measured on a geographical basis, the associations were still significant at the county level (adjusted for population density, income, education, fat and fibre intake etc.), but not at the municipality level. The observed associations are weak, chlorination being associated with a 20-40% increase in colorectal cancer rates. Due to inherent methodological limitations in ecological studies like the present one, causal interpretations should be made with great care. Thus, although the results give some support to the hypothesis that drinking water chlorination is associated with colorectal cancer, they do not provide strong evidence of a causal relationship.
journal_name
Int J Epidemioljournal_title
International journal of epidemiologyauthors
Flaten TPdoi
10.1093/ije/21.1.6keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1992-02-01 00:00:00pages
6-15issue
1eissn
0300-5771issn
1464-3685journal_volume
21pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:Since 1997, an unexpected 2-5-fold increase in the incidence of pertussis has been reported in Poland in comparison with the previous 10 years, although the introduction of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccination in 1960 reduced the incidence of pertussis approximately 100-fold in the 1980s. The a...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyh012
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Tuberculosis has been declining in developed countries for a long time, as a result of the intrinsic epidemiological characteristics of this disease, combined with improvement in the standard of living and more recently the use of antibiotics. In these low prevalence countries, decisions concerning the objec...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/26.1.190
更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The health benefits of physical activity are well established, but the overall amount of physical activity associated with cardiovascular and other health outcomes, and whether the relationships are similar in men and women and at different ages is still debated. This may be partly related to different metho...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyl079
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In a pilot study for the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) a modification of the Baecke questionnaire on physical activity was tested for repeatability and relative validity in a population of 134 men and women aged 20-70 years. METHODS:For the assessment of repeatability P...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/24.2.381
更新日期:1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Vital statistics underestimate the prevalence of perinatal and infant deaths. This is particularly significant when these parameters affect eligibility for international assistance for newly emerging nations. OBJECTIVE:To determine the level of registration of livebirths, stillbirths and infant deaths in Ja...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/25.4.807
更新日期:1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:To examine whether induced abortion increases the risk of low birthweight in subsequent singleton live births. METHODS:Cohort study using the Danish Medical Birth Registry (MBR), the Hospital Discharge Registry (HDR), and the Induced Abortion Registry (IAR). All women who had their first pregnancy during 19...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/29.1.100
更新日期:2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Previous studies on the association between childhood infections and childhood leukaemia have produced inconsistent results, likely due to the recall error/bias of infection data reported by the parents. The current study used a population-based and record-based case-control design to evaluate the associatio...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dys113
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Interrupted time series (ITS) analysis is a valuable study design for evaluating the effectiveness of population-level health interventions that have been implemented at a clearly defined point in time. It is increasingly being used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions ranging from clinical therapy to nation...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyw098
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study presents data on cancer incidence among 37,795 blood donors in an attempt to test the hypothesis that blood donation might be associated with cancer development. At a median follow-up time of nine years (range 5-13 years) a total of 1152 cancer cases have been diagnosed. The expected number of cancer cases ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/19.3.505
更新日期:1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Recent studies indicate that cancers of the salivary gland are increasing, and the factors responsible for the increase are unknown. Artefactual changes, such as shift in classifying cancers of the floor of the mouth to cancers of the salivary gland, could affect the time trend for salivary gland cancer. ME...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/26.2.264
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aboriginal communities have a high prevalence of upper and lower respiratory tract disease. One thousand two hundred and eighty seven West Australian Aborigines and 265 non-Aborigines were examined. Twenty nine per cent of Aborigines had lower respiratory tract abnormalities. Amongst 635 Aboriginal children less than ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/12.1.105
更新日期:1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:The effectiveness of vaccines in populations must consider both direct and indirect protection. This study reanalyses data from a large individually randomized oral cholera vaccine trial that was conducted in rural Bangladesh from 1985 to 1990. A recent analysis of the results of that trial showed that the p...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyl100
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In Sri Lanka, the major malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies breeds in pools formed in streams and river beds and it is likely that people living close to such breeding sites are at higher risk of malaria than people living further away. This study was done to quantify the importance of house location relat...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyg055
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Previous evidence from the Alameda County Study indicated that residential area has an independent effect on risk for mortality, adjusting for a variety of important individual characteristics. The current research examined the effect of poverty area residence on risk for developing depressive symptoms and d...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/28.1.90
更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mortality and cancer incidence were analysed in follow-up of a cohort of 3327 Vietnamese refugees who came to Britain after the end of the Vietnam war. Overall mortality of the refugees was very low compared to expectations based on England and Wales national rates: the all-cause standardized mortality ratio for males...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/20.1.13
更新日期:1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Smoking increases the risk of squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix, but it is not clear whether smoking increases the risk of acquisition or persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. METHODS:Information on smoking was collected from 10 areas in four continents among population-based, age-stratif...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyn033
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this paper, a new non-parametric competing-risk model is proposed. This model takes relative susceptibility into account, and is thus free from the usual assumption of independence between competing causes of death. Another feature of the model is the adjustments of survivors and deaths as a results of the eliminat...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/6.2.153
更新日期:1977-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 1983 and 1984, surveys were conducted in four Chinese population samples, urban and rural for both Beijing and Guangzhou, as part of PRC-USA collaborative research in cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary epidemiology. Serum total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were measured in 4280 ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/21.5.893
更新日期:1992-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Management of medical services necessitates decisions regarding the possibly ineffective treatment programmes, hospitals and (even) individual practitioners. Although rigorous evaluations of effectiveness can only be achieved by randomized trials there has been, in recent years, much increase in audit (or peer review)...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/12.4.482
更新日期:1983-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Carcinogenesis, at least for some types of cancer, can be interpreted as the consequence of selection of mutated cells similar to what, in the theory of evolution, occurs at the population level. Instead of considering a population of organisms, we can refer to a population of cells belonging to multicellular organism...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/ije/dyl185
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Geographical variations in the declining rates of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality may provide clues about various environmental risk factors responsible as a mass influence on the population IHD rate. The rate of IHD decline in 18 of 21 NJ counties was 2 to 45% less than the USA national rate of decline. The o...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/19.1.26
更新日期:1990-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::An outbreak of typhoid fever occurred in Chu-Tung township, Taiwan, with dates of onset from 6 July to 8 August, 1983. Fifty-four cases were hospitalized, of which 52 were laboratory confirmed. A chloramphenicol-resistant strain of Salmonella typhi was isolated from patients' blood samples. A community survey of 2772 ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/18.1.254
更新日期:1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:If several risk factors for disease are considered in a regression model and these factors are affected by measurement errors, the observed relative risk will be attenuated. In nutritional epidemiology, several nutrient variables show strong correlation, described as collinearity. The observed relative risk ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/26.5.1071
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Present understanding of increased risk of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related infectious mononucleosis among children of low birth order or small sibships is mainly based on old and indirect evidence. Societal changes and methodological limitations of previous studies call for new data. METHODS:We used data f...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyu118
更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Genital herpes infection is life-long and may result in painful and recurrent genital lesions, systemic complications, serious psychosocial morbidity, and rare but serious outcomes in neonates born to infected women, including permanent neurological handicap and death. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 is the principal cau...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/ije/26.4.698
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:This study aims to evaluate the contribution of the reduction in major cardiovascular diseases (CVD), malignant neoplasms (MN), accidents and AIDS mortality to the gains in life expectancy observed during the decade 1985-1994, as well as to calculate and compare the potential gains due to the partial or tota...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/28.5.905
更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A questionnaire survey was administered in January 1982 to 3090 junior high school boys and girls in Nagoya, Japan. The proportion of current regular smokers who smoke at least one cigarette per week was 3.6% for boys and 0.5% for girls. By the third grade this had increased to 6.9% and 1.2% respectively for each sex....
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/17.4.814
更新日期:1988-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The degree to which rheumatoid arthritis (RA) influences life expectancy and mortality remains controversial. There have been few attempts to analyse death certificate data for this condition. Despite limitations, the information derived from detailed death certificate analysis for a large population over a ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/23.3.545
更新日期:1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In Western countries mortality dropped throughout the 20th century, but over and above the long-term falling trend, the death rate has oscillated over time. It has been postulated that these short-term oscillations may be related to changes in the economy. METHODS:To ascertain if these short-term oscillatio...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyi141
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:A recent monograph by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has identified indoor air pollution from coal usage as a known human carcinogen, while that from biomass as a probable human carcinogen. Although as much as 74% of the Indian population relies on solid fuels for cooking, very little...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1093/ije/dym261
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00