Molecular manipulation using a tunnelling microscope.

abstract：:The enzyme complex nitrogenase, which reduces N2 to NH+4, involves two redox proteins, both irreversibly damaged by O2 (ref. 1). Enzyme activity therefore requires anaerobic conditions, a source of reductant and a large amount of ATP (approximately 16 ATPs per N2). In both aerobic and facultative anaerobic N2-fixing b...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Hill S,Kennedy C,Kavanagh E,Goldberg RB,Hanau R

更新日期：1981-04-02 00:00:00

abstract：:Vertebrate erythroid cells contain a tissue-specific transcription factor referred to as Eryf 1 (ref. 1), GF-1 (ref. 2) or NF-E1 (ref. 3), for which binding sites are widely distributed in the promoters and enhancers of the globin gene family, and of other erythroid-specific genes. Aberrant binding of the human factor...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Trainor CD,Evans T,Felsenfeld G,Boguski MS

更新日期：1990-01-04 00:00:00

abstract：:Combined PD-1 and CTLA-4-targeted immunotherapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab is effective against melanoma, renal cell carcinoma and non-small-cell lung cancer1-3. However, this comes at the cost of frequent, serious immune-related adverse events, necessitating a reduction in the recommended dose of ipilimumab that i...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Perez-Ruiz E,Minute L,Otano I,Alvarez M,Ochoa MC,Belsue V,de Andrea C,Rodriguez-Ruiz ME,Perez-Gracia JL,Marquez-Rodas I,Llacer C,Alvarez M,de Luque V,Molina C,Teijeira A,Berraondo P,Melero I

更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:HLA class II molecules are a highly polymorphic family of dimeric cell-surface proteins primarily involved in regulating T-cell responses to extrinsic antigens. To define regions of class II molecules involved in T-cell recognition, we have now compared sequences of three HLA DR beta cDNA clones obtained from cells th...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Cairns JS,Curtsinger JM,Dahl CA,Freeman S,Alter BJ,Bach FH

更新日期：1985-09-12 00:00:00

abstract：:The hypothesis that animal population dynamics may be synchronized by climate is highly relevant in the context of climate change because it suggests that several populations might respond simultaneously to climatic trends if their dynamics are entrained by environmental correlation. The dynamics of many species throu...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Post E,Forchhammer MC

更新日期：2002-11-14 00:00:00

abstract：:Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are blood cancers that are characterized by the excessive production of mature myeloid cells and arise from the acquisition of somatic driver mutations in haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Epidemiological studies indicate a substantial heritable component of MPNs that is among the h...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Bao EL,Nandakumar SK,Liao X,Bick AG,Karjalainen J,Tabaka M,Gan OI,Havulinna AS,Kiiskinen TTJ,Lareau CA,de Lapuente Portilla AL,Li B,Emdin C,Codd V,Nelson CP,Walker CJ,Churchhouse C,de la Chapelle A,Klein DE,Nilsson

更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Yeast phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (Sec14p) is required for the production of secretory vesicles from the Golgi. This requirement can be relieved by inactivation of the cytosine 5'-diphosphate (CDP)-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, indicating that Sec14p is an essential component of a reg...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Kearns BG,McGee TP,Mayinger P,Gedvilaite A,Phillips SE,Kagiwada S,Bankaitis VA

更新日期：1997-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cryptosporidium species cause acute gastroenteritis and diarrhoea worldwide. They are members of the Apicomplexa--protozoan pathogens that invade host cells by using a specialized apical complex and are usually transmitted by an invertebrate vector or intermediate host. In contrast to other Apicomplexans, Cryptosporid...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Xu P,Widmer G,Wang Y,Ozaki LS,Alves JM,Serrano MG,Puiu D,Manque P,Akiyoshi D,Mackey AJ,Pearson WR,Dear PH,Bankier AT,Peterson DL,Abrahamsen MS,Kapur V,Tzipori S,Buck GA

更新日期：2004-10-28 00:00:00

abstract：:The nature and length scales of charge screening in complex oxides are fundamental to a wide range of systems, spanning ceramic voltage-dependent resistors (varistors), oxide tunnel junctions and charge ordering in mixed-valence compounds. There are wide variations in the degree of charge disproportionation, length sc...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Ohtomo A,Muller DA,Grazul JL,Hwang HY

更新日期：2002-09-26 00:00:00

abstract：:During embryonic development, orderly patterns of gene expression eventually assign each cell in the embryo its particular fate. For the anteroposterior axis of the Drosophila embryo, the first step in this process depends on a spatial gradient of the maternal morphogen Bicoid (Bcd). Positional information of this gra...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Houchmandzadeh B,Wieschaus E,Leibler S

更新日期：2002-02-14 00:00:00

abstract：:Diatremes are carrot-shaped bodies forming the upper parts of very deep magmatic intrusions of kimberlite rock. These unusual, enigmatic and complex features are famous as the source of diamonds. Here we present a new model of kimberlite ascent and eruption, emphasizing the extremely unsteady nature of this process to...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Wilson L,Head Iii JW 3rd

更新日期：2007-05-03 00:00:00

abstract：:The earliest cell fate decision in the mammalian embryo separates the extra-embryonic trophoblast lineage, which forms the fetal portion of the placenta, from the embryonic cell lineages. The body plan of the embryo proper is established only later at gastrulation, when the pluripotent epiblast gives rise to the germ ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Russ AP,Wattler S,Colledge WH,Aparicio SA,Carlton MB,Pearce JJ,Barton SC,Surani MA,Ryan K,Nehls MC,Wilson V,Evans MJ

更新日期：2000-03-02 00:00:00

abstract：:Deoxygenated sickle haemoglobin polymerizes into long 210-A diameter fibres that distort and decrease the deformability of red blood cells, and cause sickle cell disease. The fibres consist of seven intertwined double strands. They can form birefringent nematic liquid crystals (tactoids) and spherulites. Rheologically...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Samuel RE,Salmon ED,Briehl RW

更新日期：1990-06-28 00:00:00

abstract：:For life to be sustained, mistakes in DNA repair must be tolerated when damage obscures the genetic information. In bacteria such as Escherichia coli, DNA damage elicits the well regulated 'SOS response'. For the extreme case of damage that cannot be repaired by conventional enzymes, there are proteins that allow the ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Peat TS,Frank EG,McDonald JP,Levine AS,Woodgate R,Hendrickson WA

更新日期：1996-04-25 00:00:00

abstract：:Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are activity-dependent changes in synaptic strength that may serve as the cellular mechanisms of information storage in the vertebrate brain. The mossy fibre-CA3 synapse displays NMDA (M-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor-independent forms of LTP and LTD that were ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Derrick BE,Martinez JL Jr

更新日期：1996-05-30 00:00:00

abstract：:The tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, encoded by PTPN11, is required for the survival, proliferation and differentiation of various cell types. Germline activating mutations in PTPN11 cause Noonan syndrome, whereas somatic PTPN11 mutations cause childhood myeloproliferative disease and contribute to some solid tumours. Recen...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Yang W,Wang J,Moore DC,Liang H,Dooner M,Wu Q,Terek R,Chen Q,Ehrlich MG,Quesenberry PJ,Neel BG

更新日期：2013-07-25 00:00:00

abstract：:Organic photovoltaic cells are now approaching commercially viable efficiencies, particularly for applications that make use of their unique potential for flexibility and semitransparency1-3. However, their reliability remains a major concern, as even the most stable devices reported so far degrade within only a few y...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Burlingame Q,Huang X,Liu X,Jeong C,Coburn C,Forrest SR

更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When a spatially uniform temperature change is imposed on a solid with more than one phase, or on a polycrystal of a single, non-cubic phase (showing anisotropic expansion-contraction), the resulting thermal strain is inhomogeneous (non-affine). Thermal cycling induces internal stresses, leading to structural and prop...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Ketov SV,Sun YH,Nachum S,Lu Z,Checchi A,Beraldin AR,Bai HY,Wang WH,Louzguine-Luzgin DV,Carpenter MA,Greer AL

更新日期：2015-08-13 00:00:00

abstract：:Lymphocyte-specific tyrosine protein kinase p56lck is physically associated with CD4 and CD8 T-cell surface molecules, suggesting that it may transduce CD4/CD8-triggered tyrosine phosphorylation signals during antigen stimulation. Indeed, antibody-mediated aggregation of CD4 (to mimic interaction with its ligand, majo...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Abraham N,Miceli MC,Parnes JR,Veillette A

更新日期：1991-03-07 00:00:00

abstract：:The circadian clock imposes daily rhythms in cell proliferation, metabolism, inflammation and DNA damage response. Perturbations of these processes are hallmarks of cancer and chronic circadian rhythm disruption predisposes individuals to tumour development. This raises the hypothesis that pharmacological modulation o...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Sulli G,Rommel A,Wang X,Kolar MJ,Puca F,Saghatelian A,Plikus MV,Verma IM,Panda S

更新日期：2018-01-18 00:00:00

abstract：:The question of whether DNA is able to transport electrons has attracted much interest, particularly as this ability may play a role as a repair mechanism after radiation damage to the DNA helix. Experiments addressing DNA conductivity have involved a large number of DNA strands doped with intercalated donor and accep...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Fink HW,Schönenberger C

更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Diseases of the vascular system result from a complex mixture of genetic and environmental factors. Data sets, technologies and strategies emanating from the human genome programme have been applied to the analysis of both rare single-gene and common multigenic vascular disorders. Genomic approaches including inter- a...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Rubin EM,Tall A

更新日期：2000-09-14 00:00:00

abstract：:The molecular and cellular basis of T-lymphocyte activation remains a central question in immunology. The growth of already proliferating T cells is known to depend on T-cell growth factor (TCGF), a physiological mitogen. Noncycling T lymphocytes, however, are not sensitive to TCGF. They require a short contact with m...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Larsson EL,Iscove NN,Coutinho A

更新日期：1980-02-14 00:00:00

abstract：:Susceptibility to some human diseases is linked, albeit weakly, to major transplantation antigens (HLA) encoded by the major histocompatibility gene complex (MHC). Here we have studied MHC/disease association in inbred strains of mice after intracerebral (i.c.) injection of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). T...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Zinkernagel RM,Pfau CJ,Hengartner H,Althage A

更新日期：1985-08-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor transduces the binding of glutamate and glycine, coupling it to the opening of a calcium-permeable ion channel 1 . Owing to the lack of high-resolution structural studies of the NMDA receptor, the mechanism by which ion-channel blockers occlude ion permeation is not well unders...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Song X,Jensen MØ,Jogini V,Stein RA,Lee CH,Mchaourab HS,Shaw DE,Gouaux E

更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Group I and II introns are mobile elements that propagate by insertion into different genes. Some introns of both types self-splice in vitro by transesterification reactions catalysed by the intron RNA. These transesterifications are reversible, and it has been suggested that reverse splicing followed by reverse trans...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Mohr G,Lambowitz AM

更新日期：1991-11-14 00:00:00

abstract：:Microbialites, including biogenic stromatolites, thrombolites and dendrolites, were formed by various microbial mats that trapped and bound sediments or formed the locus of mineral precipitation. Microbialites were common and diverse during the Proterozoic, but declined in abundance and morphological diversity when mu...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Sheehan PM,Harris MT

更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The fruit, which mediates the maturation and dispersal of seeds, is a complex structure unique to flowering plants. Seed dispersal in plants such as Arabidopsis occurs by a process called fruit dehiscence, or pod shatter. Few studies have focused on identifying genes that regulate this process, in spite of the agronom...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Liljegren SJ,Ditta GS,Eshed Y,Savidge B,Bowman JL,Yanofsky MF

更新日期：2000-04-13 00:00:00

abstract：:We describe an integrated physical, genetic and cytogenetic map of human chromosome 16 comprising both a low-resolution megaYAC map and a high-resolution cosmid contig/miniYAC map, which provides nearly complete coverage of the euchromatic arms of the chromosome. The physical map is anchored to a high-resolution cytog...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Doggett NA,Goodwin LA,Tesmer JG,Meincke LJ,Bruce DC,Clark LM,Altherr MR,Ford AA,Chi HC,Marrone BL

更新日期：1995-09-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Separation of eukaryotic sister chromatids during the cell cycle is timed by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and ultimately triggered when separase cleaves cohesion-mediating cohesin1-3. Silencing of the SAC during metaphase activates the ubiquitin ligase APC/C (anaphase-promoting complex, also known as the cycl...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Hellmuth S,Gómez-H L,Pendás AM,Stemmann O

更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00