Abstract：
:Organic photovoltaic cells are now approaching commercially viable efficiencies, particularly for applications that make use of their unique potential for flexibility and semitransparency1-3. However, their reliability remains a major concern, as even the most stable devices reported so far degrade within only a few years4-8. This has led to the belief that short operational lifetimes are an intrinsic disadvantage of devices that are fabricated using weakly bonded organic materials-an idea that persists despite the rapid growth and acceptance of organic light-emitting devices, which can achieve lifetimes of several million hours9. Here we study an extremely stable class of thermally evaporated single-junction organic photovoltaic cells. We accelerated the ageing process by exposing the packaged cells to white-light illumination intensities of up to 37 Suns. The cells maintained more than 87 per cent of their starting efficiency after exposure for more than 68 days. The degradation rate increases superlinearly with intensity, leading to an extrapolated intrinsic lifetime, T80, of more than 4.9 × 107 hours, where T80 is the time taken for the power conversion efficiency to decrease to 80 per cent of its initial value. This is equivalent to 27,000 years outdoors. Additionally, we subjected a second group of organic photovoltaic cells to 20 Suns of ultraviolet illumination (centred at 365 nanometres) for 848 hours, a dose that would take 1.7 × 104 hours (9.3 years) to accumulate outdoors. No efficiency loss was observed over the duration of the test. Overall, we find that organic solar cells packaged in an inert atmosphere can be extremely stable, which is promising for their future use as a practical energy-generation technology.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Burlingame Q,Huang X,Liu X,Jeong C,Coburn C,Forrest SRdoi
10.1038/s41586-019-1544-1subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-09-01 00:00:00pages
394-397issue
7774eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
10.1038/s41586-019-1544-1journal_volume
573pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract：:DNA methylation is highly dynamic during mammalian embryogenesis. It is broadly accepted that the paternal genome is actively depleted of 5-methylcytosine at fertilization, followed by passive loss that reaches a minimum at the blastocyst stage. However, this model is based on limited data, and so far no base-resoluti...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature10960
更新日期：2012-03-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids inhibit prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis by preventing arachidonic acid release from phospholipids rather than inhibiting the cyclooxygenase. As in other cells, this steroid action depends on receptor occupation and de novo protein/RNA biosynthesis. We have previously shown in guinea p...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/287147a0
更新日期：1980-09-11 00:00:00
abstract：:The precursor frequency of T cells specific for any given foreign antigen is, in general, extremely low. Prominent exceptions to this rule are the T cells that are specific for foreign major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products or for products of the minor lymphocyte stimulatory (Mls) genes in the mouse which are...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/335827a0
更新日期：1988-10-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Direct lineage reprogramming represents a remarkable conversion of cellular and transcriptome states. However, the intermediate stages through which individual cells progress during reprogramming are largely undefined. Here we use single-cell RNA sequencing at multiple time points to dissect direct reprogramming from ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature18323
更新日期：2016-06-16 00:00:00
abstract：: ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/d41586-018-07642-0
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intraplate magmatic provinces found away from plate boundaries provide direct sampling of the composition and heterogeneity of the Earth's mantle. The chemical heterogeneities that have been observed in the mantle are usually attributed to recycling during subduction1-3, which allows for the addition of volatiles and ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-019-1183-6
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Understanding the nature and origin of the asteroid population in Earth's vicinity (near-Earth asteroids, and its subset of potentially hazardous asteroids) is a matter of both scientific interest and practical importance. It is generally expected that the compositions of the asteroids that are most likely to hit Eart...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature07154
更新日期：2008-08-14 00:00:00
abstract：: ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 新闻
doi：10.1038/d41586-018-07413-x
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interleukin-5 (IL-5) specifically induces the differentiation of eosinophils, which are important in host defence and the pathogenesis of allergies and asthma. Structurally, IL-5 is a unique member of the short-chain helical-bundle subfamily of cytokines whose canonical motif contains four helices (A-D) arranged in an...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/379652a0
更新日期：1996-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:An essential feature of the bacterial pathogen Salmonella spp. is its ability to enter cells that are normally non-phagocytic, such as those of the intestinal epithelium. The bacterium achieves entry by delivering effector proteins into the host-cell cytosol by means of a specialized protein-secretion system (termed t...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/45829
更新日期：1999-09-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Visual transduction in vertebrate photoreceptors is thought to involve a diffusible internal transmitter which links photon absorption in disk membranes to the conductance decrease in the plasma membrane of the outer segment. The desensitisation of the photoresponse which occurs during and after illumination may also ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/283085a0
更新日期：1980-01-03 00:00:00
abstract：:The discovery that atrial extracts have potent diuretic and natriuretic properties revealed a possible endocrine function of the heart in the regulation of extracellular fluid volume. Since that first report intense research activity has been directed towards determining the mechanism of action of the active atrial na...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/326697a0
更新日期：1987-04-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are macroglial cells of the vertebrate central nervous system. These cells have diverse roles in the maintenance of neurological function. In the embryo, the genetic mechanisms that underlie the specification of macroglial precursors in vivo appear strikingly similar to those that regul...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/nature09611
更新日期：2010-11-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Fresnel lenses allow almost perfect imaging in widely different circumstances, but their focus is perfect only for a single wavelength. Wang et al. have shown how the effective bandpass may be widened for X-ray microscopy by using a compound diffractive/refractive lens near to an absorption edge. A compound lens has a...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1038/426245b
更新日期：2003-11-20 00:00:00
abstract：:Understanding the determinants of healthy mental ageing is a priority for society today. So far, we know that intelligence differences show high stability from childhood to old age and there are estimates of the genetic contribution to intelligence at different ages. However, attempts to discover whether genetic cause...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature10781
更新日期：2012-01-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Neurotransmitter/sodium symporters (NSSs) couple the uptake of neurotransmitter with one or more sodium ions, removing neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft. NSSs are essential to the function of chemical synapses, are associated with multiple neurological diseases and disorders, and are the targets of therapeutic ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature09581
更新日期：2010-12-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Owing to their scientific and technological importance, inorganic single crystals with highly reactive surfaces have long been studied. Unfortunately, surfaces with high reactivity usually diminish rapidly during the crystal growth process as a result of the minimization of surface energy. A typical example is titaniu...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature06964
更新日期：2008-05-29 00:00:00
abstract：:Early-life dietary transitions reflect fundamental aspects of primate evolution and are important determinants of health in contemporary human populations. Weaning is critical to developmental and reproductive rates; early weaning can have detrimental health effects but enables shorter inter-birth intervals, which inf...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature12169
更新日期：2013-06-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Countless millions of people have died from tuberculosis, a chronic infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus. The complete genome sequence of the best-characterized strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, H37Rv, has been determined and analysed in order to improve our understanding of the biology of this slow-...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/31159
更新日期：1998-06-11 00:00:00
abstract：: ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 新闻
doi：10.1038/d41586-018-07463-1
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a dismal prognosis largely owing to inefficient diagnosis and tenacious drug resistance. Activation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and consequent development of dense stroma are prominent features accounting for this aggressive biology1,2. The reciprocal interplay betwe...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-019-1130-6
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Early observations indicated that the Earth's Van Allen radiation belts could be separated into an inner zone dominated by high-energy protons and an outer zone dominated by high-energy electrons. Subsequent studies showed that electrons of moderate energy (less than about one megaelectronvolt) often populate both zon...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature13956
更新日期：2014-11-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Various mechanisms have been proposed for beta-adrenergically mediated relaxation of smooth muscle. All theories suggest the involvement of cyclic AMP as a second messenger: beta-agonists stimulate adenylate cyclase which converts ATP to cyclic AMP and protein kinase, activated by cyclic AMP, is then thought to cataly...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/281682a0
更新日期：1979-10-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Visible-light absorption and transport of the resultant electronic excitations to a reaction centre through Förster resonance energy transfer1-3 (FRET) are critical to the operation of biological light-harvesting systems4, and are used in various artificial systems made of synthetic dyes5, polymers6 or nanodots7,8. Th...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-020-03081-y
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:On the basis of fossil and archaeological data it has been hypothesized that the exodus of Homo sapiens out of Africa and into Eurasia between ~50-120 thousand years ago occurred in several orbitally paced migration episodes. Crossing vegetated pluvial corridors from northeastern Africa into the Arabian Peninsula and ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature19365
更新日期：2016-10-06 00:00:00
abstract：:Genetic manipulations of insect populations for pest control have been advocated for some time, but there are few cases where manipulated individuals have been released in the field and no cases where they have successfully invaded target populations. Population transformation using the intracellular bacterium Wolbach...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature10356
更新日期：2011-08-24 00:00:00
abstract：:The Milankovitch theory states that global climate variability on orbital timescales from tens to hundreds of thousands of years is dominated by the summer insolation at high northern latitudes. The supporting evidence includes reconstructed air temperatures in Antarctica that are nearly in phase with boreal summer in...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature09825
更新日期：2011-03-03 00:00:00
abstract：:The glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydogenase holoenzyme of Bacillus stearothermophilus possesses precise 222 symmetry: in this respect it differs from the reported structure of the lobster muscle enzyme. Pairs of active sites are linked through a flexible polypeptide loop which probably mediates the structural changes ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/266328a0
更新日期：1977-03-24 00:00:00
abstract：:The haemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins of influenza virus membranes are responsible for binding viruses to cells by interacting with membrane receptor molecules which contain sialic acid (for review see ref. 1). This interaction is known to vary in detailed specificity for different influenza viruses (see, for example,...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/304076a0
更新日期：1983-07-07 00:00:00
abstract：:The superposition principle is a fundamental tenet of quantum mechanics. It allows a quantum system to be 'in two places at the same time', because the quantum state of a physical system can simultaneously include measurably different physical states. The preparation and use of such superposed states forms the basis o...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature08005
更新日期：2009-05-28 00:00:00
