Abstract：
:Central hypogonadism is a clinical condition, characterized by sexual symptoms and low serum testosterone levels, due to an impaired function of the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is the standard treatment for hypogonadism, but it has some disadvantages. TRT is not a good option in men wishing to preserve fertility, nor in men with (a high risk of) prostate cancer, polycythemia, thrombophilia and severe cardiovascular disease. In this review, we discuss alternative treatments for central hypogonadism. If reversible causes are present, non-pharmacological interventions can be therapeutic. Gonadotropins are a good alternative to TRT when fertility is desired in the near future though they require frequent injections. Clomiphene citrate and tamoxifen seem to be a safe alternative for the treatment of functional central hypogonadism in men, as several studies reported a significant increase in testosterone levels with these drugs. However, their use is off-label and data supporting the efficacy of clomiphene citrate and tamoxifen on hypogonadal symptoms are insufficient. For this reason, clomiphene citrate and tamoxifen should not be used in routine clinical practice to treat sexual symptoms in men with central hypogonadism.
journal_name
Int J Mol Scijournal_title
International journal of molecular sciencesauthors
Ide V,Vanderschueren D,Antonio Ldoi
10.3390/ijms22010021subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-12-22 00:00:00issue
1issn
1422-0067pii
ijms22010021journal_volume
22pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Excess dietary cholesterol intake and the dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism are associated with the pathogenesis and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and fibrosis. Hepatic accumulation of free cholesterol induces activation of nonparenchymal cells, including Kupffer ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms20205045
更新日期：2019-10-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Brain-derived neurothrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin expressed in different tissues and cells, including neurons, endothelial cells, leukocytes, megakaryocytes and platelets. Modifications of BDNF in plasma and/or in serum are associated with neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular diseases,...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms18091987
更新日期：2017-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Human serum albumin (HSA) is a target for reactive oxygen species (ROS), and alterations of its physiological functions caused by oxidation is a current issue. In this work, the amino-acid residues Trp-214 and Lys-199, which are located at site I of HSA, were experimentally and computationally oxidized, and the effect...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms19102868
更新日期：2018-09-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Two amantadine (ATD)-gardenamide A (GA) ligands have been designed and synthesized. The bonding of ATD with GA through a methylene carbonyl brigde (L1) enhances the neuroprotective effect against corticosterone (CORT)-induced impairments in PC12 cells; while the bonding through a succinyl brigde (L2) does not. L1 redu...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms160922795
更新日期：2015-09-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Osteoporosis (OP) is defined as a generalized skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and an alteration of the microarchitecture that lead to an increase in bone fragility and, therefore, an increased risk of fractures. It must be considered today as a true public health problem and the most widespread metabol...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms21134749
更新日期：2020-07-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Kidney transplant recipients frequently suffer from skin infections and malignancies, possibly due to the effects of long-term immunosuppressive therapy. While the relationships between immunosuppression and these pathological conditions have been widely investigated, little is known about the relative incidence and c...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms17081362
更新日期：2016-08-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Non-neuronal acetylcholine plays a substantial role in the human skin by influencing adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. These processes are regulated by the Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) kinase cascade. Here we show that in HaCaT keratinocytes all five muscarinic receptor subtyp...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms151121433
更新日期：2014-11-21 00:00:00
abstract：:In this communication, lipase A from Candida antarctica (CALA) was immobilized by covalent bonding on magnetic nanoparticles coated with chitosan and activated with glutaraldehyde, labelled CALA-MNP, (immobilization parameters: 84.1% ± 1.0 for immobilization yield and 208.0 ± 3.0 U/g ± 1.1 for derivative activity). CA...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20164018
更新日期：2019-08-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Fatty acid metabolism is important in the regulation of breast cancer progression. Some of the proteins involved in fatty acid transport have been demonstrated to promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion in breast cancer cells. Solute carrier family 27 member 4 (SLC27A4) is a fatty acid transporter protein a...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms19113434
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Prostate cancer is widely observed to be biologically heterogeneous. Its heterogeneity is manifested histologically as multifocal prostate cancer, which is observed more frequently than unifocal prostate cancer. The clinical and prognostic significance of either focal cancer type is not fully established. To investiga...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms140611816
更新日期：2013-06-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) is known to regulate mitochondrial biogenesis. Resveratrol is present in a variety of plants, including the skin of grapes, blueberries, raspberries, mulberries, and peanuts. It has been shown to offer protective effects against a number of ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20040998
更新日期：2019-02-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Kalanchoe brasiliensis and Kalanchoe pinnata are used interchangeably in traditional medicine for treating peptic ulcers and inflammatory problems. In this context, this study aims to characterize the chemical constituents and evaluate the gastroprotective activity of the leaf juices of the two species in acute gastri...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms19051265
更新日期：2018-04-24 00:00:00
abstract：:Oxidative damage (production and localization of reactive oxygen species) and related response mechanisms (activity of antioxidant enzymes), and induction of Heat Shock Protein 70 expression, have been studied in the toxi-tolerant liverwort Conocephalum conicum (Marchantiales) in response to cadmium stress using two c...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21186485
更新日期：2020-09-04 00:00:00
abstract：:We herein review available computational and experimental data pointing to the abundance of structural disorder within the nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) from three paramyxoviruses, namely the measles (MeV), Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV) viruses. We provide a detailed molecular description of the mechanisms g...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms160715688
更新日期：2015-07-10 00:00:00
abstract：:A field experiment was conducted using a 3 × 3 orthogonal regression design to explore the growth promotion of one-year-old Yunnan pine seedlings (Pinus yunnanensis Franch.) in response to foliar application of IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) at rates of 0, 200 and 400 mg·L(-1) and IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) at rates of 0...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms13056507
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Naturally occurring cucurbitacins have been shown to have anticancer, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we determined the effects of cucurbitacin B extracted from the Thai herb Trichosanthes cucumerina L. on telomerase regulation in three human breast cancer cell lines (T47D, SKBR-3, and M...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms11125323
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant diseases worldwide, but the involved signaling pathways and driven-genes are largely unclear. This study integrated four cohorts profile datasets to elucidate the potential key candidate genes and pathways in CRC. Expression profiles GSE28000, GSE21815, GSE44...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms18040722
更新日期：2017-03-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Inflammatory diseases are caused by excessive inflammation from pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines produced by macrophages. The Nrf2 signaling pathway protects against inflammatory diseases by inhibiting excessive inflammation via the regulation of antioxidant enzymes, including HO-1 and NQO1. We investigated th...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms22020762
更新日期：2021-01-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) represent a common dietary protein component of gluten-containing cereals (wheat, rye, and barley). They act as toll-like receptor 4 ligands, and are largely resistant to intestinal proteases, eliciting a mild inflammatory response within the intestine after oral ingestion. Impo...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21176288
更新日期：2020-08-31 00:00:00
abstract：:Clinical applications of camptothecin (CPT) have been heavily hindered due to its non-targeted toxicity, active lactone ring instability, and poor water solubility. Targeted drug delivery systems may offer the possibility to overcome the above issues as reported. In this research, a series of prostate-specific membran...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms19103251
更新日期：2018-10-19 00:00:00
abstract：:A meshless numerical scheme combining the operator splitting method (OSM), the radial basis function (RBF) interpolation, and the method of fundamental solutions (MFS) is developed for solving transient nonlinear bioheat problems in two-dimensional (2D) skin tissues. In the numerical scheme, the nonlinearity caused by...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms16012001
更新日期：2015-01-16 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate matrix assisted LASER desorption ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of blood smear. Integrated light microscope and MALDI IT-TOF mass spectrometer, together with a matrix sublimation device, were used for analysis of blood smears co...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms22020585
更新日期：2021-01-08 00:00:00
abstract：:The phase-transition temperatures of an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) with the (GVGVP)40 sequence and solvent dipolarity/polarizability, hydrogen-bond donor acidity, and hydrogen-bond acceptor basicity in its aqueous solutions were quantified in the absence and presence of different salts (Na2SO4, NaCl, NaClO4, and N...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms160613528
更新日期：2015-06-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare disorder characterized by multiple congenital anomalies and variable intellectual disability caused by mutations in KMT2D/MLL2 and KDM6A/UTX, two interacting chromatin modifier responsible respectively for 56-75% and 5-8% of the cases. To date, three KS patients with mosaic KMT2D deletio...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type：
doi：10.3390/ijms19010082
更新日期：2017-12-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Tic20 is an important translocon protein that plays a role in protein transport in the chloroplast. The sequence of Tic20 was determined in the lower brown alga Saccharina japonica. Structural analysis of SjTic20 revealed a noncanonical structure consisting of an N-terminal non-cyanobacterium-originated EF-hand domain...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20164000
更新日期：2019-08-16 00:00:00
abstract：:The liver has a wide range of physiological functions in the body, and its health is maintained by complex cross-talk among hepatic cells, including parenchymal hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells. Exosomes, which are one method of cellular communication, are endosomal-derived small vesicles that are released by dono...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms19123715
更新日期：2018-11-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Abnormalities in the melatonin signaling pathway and the involvement of melatonin receptor MT2 have been reported in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Whether these abnormalities were involved in the systemic abnormal skeletal growth in AIS during the peripubertal period remain unknown. In this cros...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms150917100
更新日期：2014-09-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Biotic stresses do damage to the growth and development of plants, and yield losses for some crops. Confronted with microbial infections, plants have evolved multiple defense mechanisms, which play important roles in the never-ending molecular arms race of plant⁻pathogen interactions. The complicated defense systems i...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms20020335
更新日期：2019-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Resveratrol stability in solution can be improved by combining the polyphenol with carboxymethylated (1,3/1,6)-β-d-glucan (CM-glucan), a carbohydrate polymer widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The present work was undertaken to elucidate the mechanism behind this stabilizing effect. The supramolecu...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms18092006
更新日期：2017-09-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Ethanol is well known as a teratogenic factor that is capable of inducing a wide range of developmental abnormalities if the developing fetus is exposed to it. Duration and dose are the critical parameters of exposure that affect teratogenic variation to the developing fetus. It is suggested that ethanol interferes wi...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms18071386
更新日期：2017-06-28 00:00:00
