Abstract：
BACKGROUND:Statins are cholesterol lowering drugs that decrease the risk of cardiovascular events, but they are related with a few unfavorable symptoms in skeletal muscle including myopathy, and mild to moderate fatigue. Additionally, there has been discrepancies about the impacts of statins on brain and cognition. This study aimed to examine the impacts of two different statins, lipophilic simvastatin and hydrophilic rosuvastatin on cognitive functions in normal healthy rats. Simultaneously, we investigated the alterations of neurotropins and irisin levels in hippocampus and myokine levels in skeletal muscle. METHODS:The rats were dosed with 88 mg kg body weight-1 day-1 simvastatin (n = 8), 150 mg kg body weight-1 day-1 rosuvastatin (n = 8) or vehicle (n = 8) for 18 days via oral gavage. After that behavioral assessment was performed and hippocampus and skeletal muscle samples were taken for the analysis of neurotrophins and irisin levels. RESULTS:Locomotion and learning and memory functions were lower, but anxiety levels were higher in the simvastatin and rosuvastatin groups than in the control group (P < 0.05). Hippocampal neurotrophins and irisin levels were lower, but skeletal muscle brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and irisin levels were higher in the simvastatin and rosuvastatin groups than in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION:These findings suggest that high dose simvastatin and rosuvastatin impair cognitive functions via decreasing BDNF, NGF and irisin levels in the hippocampus.
journal_name
Brain Res Bulljournal_title
Brain research bulletinauthors
Okudan N,Belviranli Mdoi
10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.09.019subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-12-01 00:00:00pages
81-89eissn
0361-9230issn
1873-2747pii
S0361-9230(20)30641-9journal_volume
165pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:For further characterization of the olfactory bulb's role in the medication of chronobiological phenomena, we examined basal cyclic- 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and lateral hippocampus (LHIP) following bilateral olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) to assess the effects of olf...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(91)90219-a
更新日期：1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glutamate afferents reaching the ventral tegmental area (VTA) affect dopamine (DA) cells in this structure probably mainly via NMDA receptors. VTA appears to be one of the structures involved in regulation of hippocampal theta rhythm, and this work aimed at assessing the role of glutamatergic activation of the VTA in ...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.06.001
更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sleep EEG in the sigma and delta frequency bands was subjected to spectral analysis in 8 normal young adults. In each subject, power density of sigma and delta oscillated reciprocally during NREM sleep, confirming an observation made initially with period/amplitude analysis. In REM sleep, power density for both freque...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(91)90286-s
更新日期：1991-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We previously showed that inhibition of brain NO production suppresses sleep in rats and rabbits. In the present experiments we studied the effects of stimulation of NO-receptive brain mechanisms on sleep. Male rats were injected intra-cerebroventricularly with the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP, 400 m...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0361-9230(96)00227-4
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sequence variations in genes involved in inflammation system are known to contribute to the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) including stroke. In this study, we performed a genetic association study on the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present in the genes CD14 (-159 C/T), TNFalpha (-308 G/A), IL-1alpha ...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.08.007
更新日期：2008-01-31 00:00:00
abstract：:Parkinson's-diseased (PD) brains have been reported to contain increased quantities of iron within the zona compacta of the substantia nigra (SN). To test whether excess iron in the SN could cause a PD-like loss of dopaminergic neurons, various concentrations of iron were infused unilaterally within the SN of adult ma...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(92)90118-h
更新日期：1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Methylphenidate (MPD) is a widely prescribed psychostimulants used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). Unlike the psychostimulants cocaine and amphetamine, MPD does not exhibit direct actions on the serotonin transporter, however there is evidence suggesting that the therapeutic effects...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.10.011
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Developmental changes in the control of neurite extension by extracellular factors can be examined by utilizing cultures of neurons from various aged embryos. Several conditioned media and tissue extracts were added to cultures of chick embryo retinal neurons on collagen substrates for 1, 3 and 5 days in vitro. Neurit...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(87)90112-2
更新日期：1987-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Accumulating evidence points to the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide as the culprit in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). β-Site amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a protease that is responsible for initiating Aβ production. Although precise mechanisms that trigger Aβ accumulation remain unc...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.007
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We report results of chromatographic, pH titration and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy studies demonstrating that the bovine pineal antireproductive tripeptide, Thr-Ser-Lys (BPART), binds to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) at a site comprised of LHRH 2-5 (His-Trp-Ser-Tyr). BPART and LHRH hav...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(86)90219-4
更新日期：1986-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Orexin/hypocretin neurons of the lateral hypothalamus/perifornical area project to a diverse array of brain regions and are responsive to a variety of psychostimulant drugs. It has been shown that orexin neurons are activated by systemic nicotine administration suggesting a possible orexinergic contribution to the eff...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.09.014
更新日期：2008-12-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) levels and turnover were measured in 17 discrete brain regions of Swiss-Webster (NIH) mice made aggressive by prolonged isolation. The NE steady state level was significantly lower in olfactory tubercle and substantia nigra and significantly higher in the septal area of the aggres...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(80)90287-7
更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:After injecting a mixture of tritiated amino acids into various regions of the frontal cortices of cats, autoradiograms of the mesodiencephalic junctional region were processed. When the injections were placed in the lateral part of the motor area of the hand or arm regions, silver grains were manifested in the nucleu...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(83)90149-1
更新日期：1983-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thyroid hormones are essential for neonatal brain development. It is well established that absence of thyroid hormones during critical periods of development can alter sensory functions such as visual and auditory processing, but there are few studies on rat somatosensory system development at mild, long-term, and irr...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.11.015
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), a cytokine with pronounced central effects such as fever, anorexia, analgesia, etc., is also known to activate the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) neurons located in the hypothalamus are important for HPA activation. The cell bodies of CRH n...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.02.021
更新日期：2005-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is considered a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the generation of presynaptic inhibition at central terminals of primary afferent fiber (PAF), while it has also been established that nitric oxide (NO) may sensitize the terminals of nocisponsive PAFs and enhance neuropeptide release,...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00500-7
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Diabetic mechanical allodynia (DMA) is a common manifestation in patients with diabetes mellitus, and currently, no effective treatment is available. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is involved in mechanical hypersensitivity resulting from varying aetiologies in animal, but its expression pattern duri...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.05.010
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) on the extracellular concentrations of GABA and acetylcholine in the prefrontal cortex of freely moving rats of different groups of age. Perfusion, through the microdialysis probe, of the agonist of mG...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.10.010
更新日期：2005-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The discovery of spontaneous neuronal replacement in the adult vertebrate brain has changed the way in which we think about the biology of memory. This is because neuronal replacement is likely to have an impact on what a brain remembers and what it learns. Neuronal replacement has also changed the way in which we go ...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0361-9230(02)00750-5
更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Theories pertaining to the "why" of motion sickness are in short supply relative to those detailing the "how." Considering the profoundly disturbing and dysfunctional symptoms of motion sickness, it is difficult to conceive of why this condition is so strongly biologically based in humans and most other mammalian and ...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.09.017
更新日期：2010-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity was measured by radioimmunoassay in the brains of adult rats treated neonatally with beta-endorphin, naloxone, or vehicle. After treatment with beta-endorphin, the decreases observed in beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus, pineal, midbrain, pons-medulla, hippoc...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(81)90118-0
更新日期：1981-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The place conditioning paradigm has proven successful in identifying the neural mechanisms of drug reinforcement. Two classes of drugs, opiates and psychomotor stimulants, have received the most study, and in each case an important role for DA neurons of the mesolimbic system has been established. Moreover, both recep...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(89)90224-4
更新日期：1989-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Prior results (37) showed that morphine pretreatment reduces the escape response of the crab Chasmagnathus to a shadow passing overhead and prevents the acquisition of a long-term habituation. These results were explained by a reduction in the danger signalled by the stimulus, and to test this hypothesis methods other...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(91)90163-e
更新日期：1991-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The organization of projection neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and in adjacent parts of the raphe nuclei medial to it (the central and rostral linear, and interfascicular nuclei), the mammillary body (the supramammillary region and the tuberomammillary nucleus), and the substantia nigra have been examined...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(82)90145-9
更新日期：1982-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The sources of noradrenergic (NA) innervation to the hypoglossal nucleus (nXII) in the rat were investigated with double-labeling histochemical/immunocytochemical and lesion/degeneration techniques. Following injection of wheat germ-agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into nXII, brain stem sections were re...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(92)90168-w
更新日期：1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic swimming training and phytotherapeutic supplementation are assumed to alleviate oxidative damage, and support cell survival in the brain. The effect of forced, chronic swimming training, and enriched lab chow containing 1% (w/w) dried nettle (Urtica dioica) leaf were investigated for oxidative stress, inflamma...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.02.028
更新日期：2005-05-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Progressive disruption of both the neuroendocrine and immune systems has been correlated with age-associated pathogenesis in patients with Alzheimer's disease and in mice lacking apolipoprotein E (ApoE). In this study, we examined neuroautoimmune and neuroendocrine activities in relation to aging and stress in ApoE-de...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00052-0
更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the accumulation of protein inclusions (Lewy bodies) are the pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is triggered by genetic alterations, environmental/occupational exposures and aging. However, the exact molecular mechani...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.03.009
更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A recent in vitro electrophysiological analysis combined with anatomical approach suggests that a potential disinhibitory mechanism involving somatostatin (SST), which is released by interneurons in the superficial dorsal horn, contributes to nociceptive transmission (Yasaka et al., 2010); however, whether this mechan...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.11.008
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transnuclear transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and wheat germ agglutinin-HRP conjugate (WGA-HRP) and the retrograde transport of fluorescent tracers were used to study axon collaterals of neurons in the mamillary nuclei. Tracers were injected into the thalamus or brain stem and after 18 hour-5 day survival per...
journal_title：Brain research bulletin
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0361-9230(85)90024-3
更新日期：1985-05-01 00:00:00
