Abstract：
:Smoking is indisputably linked to lung cancer, yet only a small fraction of smokers develops this disease. Although previously tobacco-derived carcinogens and enzyme polymorphisms have been identified to increase the risk for smokers, recent epidemiological data suggest even sex-specificity as a new and additional factor. Obviously, women have a higher risk to develop lung cancer upon smoking than men. Overall, the odds ratio to develop lung cancer was almost three times greater for women than for men, DNA adduct levels were higher among females than in males and mutations in the tumor suppressor gene p53 and the proto-oncogene K-RAS were more frequently found in women than in men. A growing number of studies suggest that the interaction between tobacco carcinogens and endogenous and exogenous sex steroids may be important. Women taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or oral contraceptives experienced to have an increased lung cancer incidence. Epidemiologic data on HRT show a significant association between both a younger median age at lung cancer diagnosis and a shorter median survival time. Another clue is the significantly higher number of lung cancer diagnosed women who are largely premenopausal in comparison to diagnosed men in the same age or women with shorter menstrual cycles. Finally, the Coronary Drug Project (men who received estrogen preparations to reduce future cardiac events) was stopped when increased lung cancer mortality was observed in the estrogen therapy group. The present review provides a short overview and discussion on lung cancer risk and the impact thereon of sex.
journal_name
Int J Cancerjournal_title
International journal of cancerauthors
Stapelfeld C,Dammann C,Maser Edoi
10.1002/ijc.32716subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-05-01 00:00:00pages
2376-2382issue
9eissn
0020-7136issn
1097-0215journal_volume
146pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Both retinoids and anti-estrogens inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation with accumulation of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, but the effect of retinoids is delayed compared to that of anti-estrogens. To determine whether this temporal difference is due to a simple delay in the action of retinoids on a comm...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970127)70:3<291::aid-ijc
更新日期：1997-01-27 00:00:00
abstract：:An increased risk of prostate cancer associated with a family history of prostate cancer has been documented in multiple published reports. Risk has been shown to vary by degree of relationship and age of onset of disease in the affected relative. Several studies, using various designs, have estimated the relative ris...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.11466
更新日期：2003-12-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Our objective was to examine whether parental exposure to atomic bomb radiation has led to increased cancer and/or noncancer mortality rates among the offspring. We studied 41,010 subjects born from May 1946 through December 1984 (i.e., conceived between 1 month and 38 years after the bombings) and surviving for at le...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.11400
更新日期：2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have studied the production and release of cholecystokinin (CCK) forms by rat medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) in vivo. MTC cells were inoculated s.c. into 8 Wag-Rij rats. One month later, after i.v. injection of calcium plasma levels of CCK, calcitonin and tissue contents of gastrin and calcitonin were determined by...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.2910480510
更新日期：1991-07-09 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.22379
更新日期：2007-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Normal transcription displays a high degree of flexibility over the choice, timing and magnitude of mRNA expression levels that tend to oscillate and cycle. These processes allow for combinatorial actions, feedback control and fine-tuning. A central role has emerged for the transcriptional co-repressor proteins such a...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/ijc.25181
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During natural metastasis, cancer cells are released continuously into the bloodstream and arrested in target organs; the process is repetitive rather than a single event. In this communication, the effect of preceding on successive "pulses" of cancer cells is discussed in relation to the arrest, retention and tumor f...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.2910360417
更新日期：1985-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:T cell responses against malignant cells play a major role in maintaining remission and prolonging overall survival in patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) due to graft-versus-leukemia effect. For better characterization of the T cell responses, we assessed frequency ...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.31753
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The assessment of tumor molecular features in combination with the detection of occult malignant cells may provide important clinical information, beyond the standard staging of breast cancer. Using a nested RT-PCR technique, we assessed prospectively the presence of cytokeratin-19 (CK19) mRNA positive cells in the bl...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.11593
更新日期：2004-02-10 00:00:00
abstract：:We studied the effect of retinoids on the growth and differentiation of a cell line (U 343 MG-A) derived from a human malignant astrocytoma. Cultures treated with all-trans or 13-cis retinoic acid showed a dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation and a marked reduction in the mean cell number at the plateau phase of...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.2910420319
更新日期：1988-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The steady-state mRNA level of nucleophosmin/B23 in HeLa cells increased after UV irradiation. Nucleophosmin/B23 antisense transfection potentiated ultraviolet (UV)-induced cell killing. A block in G(2)/M phase, larger peak of apoptotic cells and higher caspase-3 in vitro activity were noted in nucleophosmin/B23 antis...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.1606
更新日期：2002-01-20 00:00:00
abstract：:A critical requirement for cancer vaccines is that they stimulate CD8+ T cell responses. In this study, we tested the ability of a polyvalent melanoma vaccine to induce CD8+ T cell responses to the melanoma associated antigens MAGE-3 and Melan A/MART-1. Fifteen HLA-A2+ patients with resected malignant melanoma were im...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970917)72:6<972::aid-ijc
更新日期：1997-09-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Although thyroid cancer is suspected to have a nutritional etiology, prospective studies examining the relationship between diet and thyroid cancer are lacking. During 1996-1997, NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study participants, ages 51-72 years, completed a 37-item food frequency questionnaire about diet at ages 12-13 yea...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.29600
更新日期：2015-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:This paper deals with a spontaneous malignant transformation in one of our XP fibroblast lines. This cell line, designated XP29MA, was derived from a 14-year-old boy who did not show skin tumors or precancerous alterations either at the time of clinical examination or when the biopsy was taken. We have compared the fo...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.2910310603
更新日期：1983-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:EPLIN is frequently downregulated or lost in various cancers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the importance of EPLIN in prostate cancer progression, with particular focus on the mechanistic implications to elucidate EPLIN's tumor suppressive function in cancer. EPLIN expression was evaluated in prostate can...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.31786
更新日期：2018-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Most breast cancer patients in sub-Saharan Africa are diagnosed at advanced stages after prolonged symptomatic periods. In the multicountry African Breast Cancer-Disparities in Outcomes cohort, we dissected the diagnostic journey to inform downstaging interventions. At hospital presentation for breast cancer, women re...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.33209
更新日期：2021-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Vitamin D has anticarcinogenic properties and might influence colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, but the epidemiological evidence is inconsistent. Many mechanisms of action for vitamin D have been proposed, with some of them initiating via its binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Using a large Scottish case-control stu...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.23769
更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fluoropyrimidines induce cytotoxicity, in part, by inhibiting the proliferation-coordinated enzyme thymidylate synthase (TS), which is essential for DNA synthesis. Tumor TS levels are clinically predictive of post-surgical tumor recurrence and of response to fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy. Fluoropyrimidine drug toxicit...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The partition-defective 3 (PAR-3) protein is implicated in the development and maintenance of cell polarity and is associated with proteins that mediate the changes in cytoskeleton organization required for cell polarity establishment. In this work, we used two original primary cell lines (R-180 and R-305) derived fro...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.28548
更新日期：2014-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2006-09-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.2910150307
更新日期：1975-03-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.30460
更新日期：2017-01-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.2910570616
更新日期：1994-06-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970317)70:6<682::aid-ijc
更新日期：1997-03-17 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.23243
更新日期：2008-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Human lymphoblastoid interferon inhibited the growth in vitro of fibroblasts and epithelial cells from normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic human breast tissue. At an interferon concentration of 10(3) inter-national units (IU) per ml, the inhibitory effects on monolayer growth were completely reversible but the growth ...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.2910220307
更新日期：1978-09-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
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更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/1097-0215(20001220)90:6<359::aid-ijc8>3.0.
更新日期：2000-12-20 00:00:00
abstract：:We report the relative frequency of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) antigen expression in human colonic adenocarcinoma (22/57), in peritumoral mucosa taken next to the tumor (31/41) or distant from it (29/42) as well as in 21/23 polyps. Our results are based on indirect immunofluorescence with a monoclonal antibody (MAb) spec...
journal_title：International journal of cancer
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ijc.2910440209
更新日期：1989-08-15 00:00:00
