Symmetric coalescence of two hydraulic fractures.

abstract：:Three approaches were used to study hybridization of complementary oligodeoxynucleotides by nonradiative fluorescence resonance energy transfer. (i) Fluorescein (donor) and rhodamine (acceptor) were covalently attached to the 5' ends of complementary oligodeoxynucleotides of various lengths. Upon hybridization of the ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Cardullo RA,Agrawal S,Flores C,Zamecnik PC,Wolf DE

更新日期：1988-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many urological studies rely on models of animals, such as rats and pigs, but their relation to the human urinary system is poorly understood. Here, we elucidate the hydrodynamics of urination across five orders of magnitude in body mass. Using high-speed videography and flow-rate measurement obtained at Zoo Atlanta, ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Yang PJ,Pham J,Choo J,Hu DL

更新日期：2014-08-19 00:00:00

abstract：:The knowledge of tropical palaeoclimates is crucial for understanding global climate change, because it is a test bench for general circulation models that are ultimately used to predict future global warming. A longstanding issue concerning the last glacial maximum in the tropics is the discrepancy between the decrea...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wu H,Guiot J,Brewer S,Guo Z,Peng C

更新日期：2007-06-05 00:00:00

abstract：:W. D. Hamilton's celebrated formula for the age-specific force of natural selection furnishes predictions for senescent mortality due to mutation accumulation, at the price of reliance on a linear approximation. Applying to Hamilton's setting the full nonlinear demographic model for mutation accumulation recently deve...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wachter KW,Evans SN,Steinsaltz D

更新日期：2013-06-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) catalyzes the conversion of nucleoside diphosphates to deoxynucleoside diphosphates (dNDPs). The Escherichia coli class Ia RNR uses a mechanism of radical propagation by which a cysteine in the active site of the RNR large (α2) subunit is transiently oxidized by a stable tyrosyl radical ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Minnihan EC,Ando N,Brignole EJ,Olshansky L,Chittuluru J,Asturias FJ,Drennan CL,Nocera DG,Stubbe J

更新日期：2013-03-05 00:00:00

abstract：:A simple in vitro system that supports chromatin assembly was developed for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The assembly reaction is ATP-dependent, uses soluble histones and assembly factors, and generates physiologically spaced nucleosomes. We analyze the pathway of histone recruitment into nucleosomes, using this system i...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Schultz MC,Hockman DJ,Harkness TA,Garinther WI,Altheim BA

更新日期：1997-08-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Bone mineralization is an essential step during the embryonic development of vertebrates, and bone serves vital functions in human physiology. To systematically identify unique gene functions essential for osteogenesis, we performed a forward genetic screen in zebrafish and isolated a mutant, no bone (nob), that does ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Huitema LF,Apschner A,Logister I,Spoorendonk KM,Bussmann J,Hammond CL,Schulte-Merker S

更新日期：2012-12-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), etiologically associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, uses integrins (α3β1, αVβ3, and αVβ5) and associated signaling to enter human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-d), an in vivo target of infection. KSHV infection activated c-Cbl, which induced the selective tra...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Chakraborty S,Veettil MV,Bottero V,Chandran B

更新日期：2012-05-08 00:00:00

abstract：:By using single-molecule multiparameter fluorescence detection, fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments, and newly developed data analysis methods, this study demonstrates directly the existence of three structurally distinct forms of reverse transcriptase (RT):nucleic acid complexes in solution. Single-mol...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Rothwell PJ,Berger S,Kensch O,Felekyan S,Antonik M,Wöhrl BM,Restle T,Goody RS,Seidel CA

更新日期：2003-02-18 00:00:00

abstract：:The family of WD40-repeat (WDR) proteins is one of the largest in eukaryotes, but little is known about their function in brain development. Among 26 WDR genes assessed, we found 7 displaying a major impact in neuronal morphology when inactivated in mice. Remarkably, all seven genes showed corpus callosum defects, inc...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kannan M,Bayam E,Wagner C,Rinaldi B,Kretz PF,Tilly P,Roos M,McGillewie L,Bär S,Minocha S,Chevalier C,Po C,Sanger Mouse Genetics Project.,Chelly J,Mandel JL,Borgatti R,Piton A,Kinnear C,Loos B,Adams DJ,Hérault Y,

更新日期：2017-10-31 00:00:00

abstract：:Mycobacterium abscessus (Mabs) is a rapidly growing Mycobacterium and an emerging pathogen in humans. Transitioning from a smooth (S) high-glycopeptidolipid (GPL) producer to a rough (R) low-GPL producer is associated with increased virulence in zebrafish, which involves the formation of massive serpentine cords, absc...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Halloum I,Carrère-Kremer S,Blaise M,Viljoen A,Bernut A,Le Moigne V,Vilchèze C,Guérardel Y,Lutfalla G,Herrmann JL,Jacobs WR Jr,Kremer L

更新日期：2016-07-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Cell membrane proteins synthesized after infection of Escherichia coli B with wild-type phage T4 and rIIA mutants were analyzed by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A protein with an approximate molecular weight of 74,000 is present in membranes isolated from T4r(+)-infected cells, but is not found i...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ennis HL,Kievitt KD

更新日期：1973-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Whereas amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulates in the brain of normal animals dosed with low levels of copper (Cu), the mechanism is not completely known. Cu could contribute to Aβ accumulation by altering its clearance and/or its production. Because Cu homeostasis is altered in transgenic mice overexpressing Aβ precursor protein...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Singh I,Sagare AP,Coma M,Perlmutter D,Gelein R,Bell RD,Deane RJ,Zhong E,Parisi M,Ciszewski J,Kasper RT,Deane R

更新日期：2013-09-03 00:00:00

abstract：:Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide that coexists with acetylcholine in spinal cord motoneurons. The effects of CGRP on the functional properties of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) were examined by electrophysiological methods. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique and a mouse c...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Mulle C,Benoit P,Pinset C,Roa M,Changeux JP

更新日期：1988-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Molecular cloning has established the primary structures of two precursors of the human pancreas growth hormone-releasing factor (hpGRF-44), somatocrinin. Both polypeptides contain the sequence of hpGRF-44 flanked by basic processing sites. Furthermore, the precursors include a putative signal sequence and a carboxyl-...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Gubler U,Monahan JJ,Lomedico PT,Bhatt RS,Collier KJ,Hoffman BJ,Böhlen P,Esch F,Ling N,Zeytin F,Brazeau P,Poonian MS,Gage LP

更新日期：1983-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Type 1A diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder the risk of which is increased by specific HLA DR/DQ alleles [e.g., DRB1*03-DQB1*0201 (DR3) or DRB1*04-DQB1*0302 (DR4)]. The genotype associated with the highest risk for T1D is the DR3/4-DQ8 (DQ8 is DQA1*0301, DQB1*0302) heterozygous genotype. We determined HLA-DR and ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Aly TA,Ide A,Jahromi MM,Barker JM,Fernando MS,Babu SR,Yu L,Miao D,Erlich HA,Fain PR,Barriga KJ,Norris JM,Rewers MJ,Eisenbarth GS

更新日期：2006-09-19 00:00:00

abstract：:The paradigm of bacterial quorum sensing (QS), which mediates cell-density-dependent gene expression, usually has been studied in high-cell-density planktonic liquid cultures or in biofilms in which signal concentrations accumulate to sufficiently high levels to induce QS. Presumably under conditions with restricted d...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Dulla G,Lindow SE

更新日期：2008-02-26 00:00:00

abstract：:The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) has been shown to play an important role in long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus, but little is known about the function of PKA in long-term depression (LTD). We have combined pharmacologic and genetic approaches to demonstrate that PKA activity is required for both h...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Brandon EP,Zhuo M,Huang YY,Qi M,Gerhold KA,Burton KA,Kandel ER,McKnight GS,Idzerda RL

更新日期：1995-09-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Several recombinant cowpox viruses were constructed and used to identify a viral gene that controls the production of hemorrhage in lesions caused by the Brighton Red strain of cowpox virus (CPV-BR). This gene is located in the KpnD fragment of CPV-BR DNA, between 31 and 32 kilobases from the end of the genome. This p...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Pickup DJ,Ink BS,Hu W,Ray CA,Joklik WK

更新日期：1986-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antibodies may bind to bacterial pathogens or their toxins to control infections, and their effector activity is mediated through the recruitment of complement component C1q or the engagement with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs). For bacterial pathogens that rely on a single toxin to cause disease, immunity correlates with toxi...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Chen X,Shi M,Tong X,Kim HK,Wang LX,Schneewind O,Missiakas D

更新日期：2020-09-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Junctions that mediate excitation-contraction (e-c) coupling are formed between the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and either the surface membrane or the transverse (T) tubules in normal skeletal muscle. Two structural components of the junctions, the feet of the SR and the tetrads of T tubules, have been identified resp...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Takekura H,Nishi M,Noda T,Takeshima H,Franzini-Armstrong C

更新日期：1995-04-11 00:00:00

abstract：:Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major glycolipid that is present in the outer membranes (OMs) of most Gram-negative bacteria. LPS molecules are assembled with divalent metal cations in the outer leaflet of the OM to form an impervious layer that prevents toxic compounds from entering the cell. For most Gram-negative b...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Chng SS,Ruiz N,Chimalakonda G,Silhavy TJ,Kahne D

更新日期：2010-03-23 00:00:00

abstract：:Insertion of the transposon Tn5 into the T-region of the octopine Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens gives rise to crown gall tumors having altered morphology. Three loci within the T-DNA that control tumor morphology have been detected [Garfinkel, D. J., Simpson, R. B., Ream, L. W., White, F. F., Gordon, M. P. &...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Akiyoshi DE,Morris RO,Hinz R,Mischke BS,Kosuge T,Garfinkel DJ,Gordon MP,Nester EW

更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We compared folding properties of designed protein Top7 and natural protein S6 by using coarse-grained chain models with a mainly native-centric construct that accounted also for nonnative hydrophobic interactions and desolvation barriers. Top7 and S6 have similar secondary structure elements and are approximately equ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Zhang Z,Chan HS

更新日期：2010-02-16 00:00:00

abstract：:A photoreactive derivative of epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been used to identify and specifically label a membrane receptor for EGF on mouse 3T3 cells. Photoactivable EGF, labeled with 125I, was incubated with 3T3 cells and then photolyzed in situ to generate a nitrene capable of reacting with a wide variety of c...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Das M,Miyakawa T,Fox CF,Pruss RM,Aharonov A,Herschman HR

更新日期：1977-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In skeletal muscle, dihydropyridine receptors and dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channels are preferentially localized in the transverse tubular membranes. Starting with an antigenic membrane fraction enriched in rabbit muscle transverse tubules (T-tubules), several monoclonal antibodies were produced by a fusion of s...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Malouf NN,Coronado R,McMahon D,Meissner G,Gillespie GY

更新日期：1987-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The exemplary search capabilities of flying insects have established them as one of the most diverse taxa on Earth. However, we still lack the fundamental ability to quantify, represent, and predict trajectories under natural contexts to understand search and its applications. For example, flying insects have evolved ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kaushik PK,Renz M,Olsson SB

更新日期：2020-06-02 00:00:00

abstract：:A critique is presented of the Lumsden-Wilson theory [Lumsden, C. J. & Wilson, E. O. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 4382-4386] of the transmission of cultural traits. An analysis of the underlying assumptions and the mathematical nature of the theory clarifies its essentially reductionist and determinist qualit...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Alper JS,Lange RV

更新日期：1981-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Infection with avian influenza A virus of the H5N1 subtype (isolates A/HK/212/03 and A/HK/213/03) was fatal to one of two members of a family in southern China in 2003. This incident was preceded by lethal outbreaks of H5N1 influenza in waterfowl, which are the natural hosts of these viruses and, therefore, normally h...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Guan Y,Poon LL,Cheung CY,Ellis TM,Lim W,Lipatov AS,Chan KH,Sturm-Ramirez KM,Cheung CL,Leung YH,Yuen KY,Webster RG,Peiris JS

更新日期：2004-05-25 00:00:00

abstract：:Phytohormones have essential roles in coordinately regulating a large array of developmental processes. Studies have revealed that brassinosteroids (BRs) and abscisic acid (ABA) interact to regulate hundreds of expression in genes, governing many biological processes. However, whether their interaction is through modi...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Zhang S,Cai Z,Wang X

更新日期：2009-03-17 00:00:00