Abstract:
:Type II secretion (T2S) is one means by which Gram-negative pathogens secrete proteins into the extracellular milieu and/or host organisms. Based upon recent genome sequencing, it is clear that T2S is largely restricted to the Proteobacteria, occurring in many, but not all, genera in the Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria classes. Prominent human and/or animal pathogens that express a T2S system(s) include Acinetobacter baumannii, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Chlamydia trachomatis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Vibrio cholerae, and Yersinia enterocolitica T2S-expressing plant pathogens include Dickeya dadantii, Erwinia amylovora, Pectobacterium carotovorum, Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonas oryzae, and Xylella fastidiosa T2S also occurs in nonpathogenic bacteria, facilitating symbioses, among other things. The output of a T2S system can range from only one to dozens of secreted proteins, encompassing a diverse array of toxins, degradative enzymes, and other effectors, including novel proteins. Pathogenic processes mediated by T2S include the death of host cells, degradation of tissue, suppression of innate immunity, adherence to host surfaces, biofilm formation, invasion into and growth within host cells, nutrient assimilation, and alterations in host ion flux. The reach of T2S is perhaps best illustrated by those bacteria that clearly use it for both environmental survival and virulence; e.g., L. pneumophila employs T2S for infection of amoebae, growth within lung cells, dampening of cytokines, and tissue destruction. This minireview provides an update on the types of bacteria that have T2S, the kinds of proteins that are secreted via T2S, and how T2S substrates promote infection.
journal_name
Infect Immunjournal_title
Infection and immunityauthors
Cianciotto NP,White RCdoi
10.1128/IAI.00014-17subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-04-21 00:00:00issue
5eissn
0019-9567issn
1098-5522pii
IAI.00014-17journal_volume
85pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::A procedure was developed to purify dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) from a sonic extract of a serotype D strain of Pasteurella multocida. Sonic extract containing DNT was applied to a DEAE-Sephacel column and eluted by a linear gradient of NaCl. Upon rechromatographing, fractions with dermonecrotic activity for guinea pigs ...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.46.2.429-434.1984
更新日期:1984-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Migration of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans across the endothelial cell layer is considered a prerequisite for the invasion of multiple organs occurring in systemic candidiasis. We developed an experimental system in which C. albicans migrates from a luminal compartment across a monolayer of bovine aortic endoth...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.64.12.5085-5091.1996
更新日期:1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cells of several strains of Streptococcus gordonii attached in much higher numbers to experimental pellicles formed from samples of submandibular or parotid saliva on hydroxyapatite (HA) beads than to buffer controls. The nature of the salivary components responsible were investigated by preparing experimental pellicl...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.59.9.2948-2954.1991
更新日期:1991-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Porphyromonas gingivalis forms communities with antecedent oral biofilm constituent streptococci. P. gingivalis major fimbriae bind to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) present on the streptococcal surface, and this interaction plays an important role in P. gingivalis colonization. This study identified...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.00439-09
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Four strains of Staphylococcus aureus of a phage type other than the second group, isolated from patients with impetigo and Ritter's disease, were found to produce an exotoxin similar to those reported by Melish et al. (1972), Kapral and Miller (1971), and Arbuthnott et al. (1973). This toxin could elicit a general ex...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.10.4.851-861.1974
更新日期:1974-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Theileria parasites infect and transform bovine leukocytes. We have analyzed laboratory-established Theileria sp.-infected leukocyte lines and observed that transformed macrophages express CD5. Low-level expression of CD5 by macrophages was further confirmed on three independent Theileria annulata clinical isolates fr...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exposure of hamster tracheal rings in organ culture to virulent Mycoplasma pneumoniae organisms leads to alterations in macromolecular biosynthesis and metabolic activity of the respiratory epithelial cells. Avirulent organisms derived from the same parent strain do not produce these effects. During the course of infe...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.11.4.704-710.1975
更新日期:1975-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Most patients with juvenile periodontitis manifest serum antibodies, sometimes at very high titers, to antigens of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, but the antigens inducing the immune response have been only partly characterized. We separated A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype b cells into protein, lipopolysaccha...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.59.10.3451-3462.1991
更新日期:1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The amino acid sequence of heat-stable enterotoxin produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli 18D has been revised. Amino acids originally assigned to positions 11 and 18, i.e., Tyr and Asn, respectively, were found to occupy positions 18 and 11, respectively. Thus all heat-stable enterotoxins composed of 18 amino a...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.47.3.834-836.1985
更新日期:1985-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vibrio cholerae accessory colonization factor genes (acfA, B, C, and D) are required for efficient intestinal colonization. Expression of acf genes is under the control of a regulatory cascade that also directs the synthesis of cholera toxin and proteins involved in the biogenesis of the toxin-coregulated pilus. The g...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.62.8.3289-3298.1994
更新日期:1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vaccines for P. falciparum will need to contain both T- and B-cell epitopes. Conserved epitopes are the most desirable, but they are often poorly immunogenic. The major merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) is currently a leading vaccine candidate antigen. In this study, six peptides from conserved or partly conserved r...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/iai.68.5.2685-2691.2000
更新日期:2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Elevated levels of immunoglobulin E anti-Candida antibodies were observed in the sera of patients with systemic and vaginal candidiasis and in cervicovaginal washings of the latter. ...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.18.1.257-259.1977
更新日期:1977-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The immunogenic and adjuvant properties of Brucella abortus and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) were studied in endotoxin-responsive, athymic, and euthymic BALB/c mice and in responsive C3H/HeAu mice and congenic nonresponsive C3H/HeJ mice. Consistent with previous reports, E. coli LPS did not stimulate si...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.46.1.74-80.1984
更新日期:1984-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The development of immunological responsiveness to a soluble cercarial antigenic preparation (CAP) from Schistosoma mansoni was analyzed in inbred CBA/J mice infected with cercariae, one or multiple times, or sensitized using CAP. Repeated exposure to 75 cercariae at three weekly intervals (3X-75) or subcutaneous admi...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.14.2.502-508.1976
更新日期:1976-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The kinetics of infection and the pathogenic effects on the reproductive function of laboratory mice infected with Bartonella birtlesii recovered from an Apodemus species are described. B. birtlesii infection, as determined by bacteremia, occurred in BALB/c mice inoculated intravenously. Inoculation with a low-dose in...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/iai.69.9.5313-5317.2001
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The plasmid-encoded structural gene cofA necessary for the production of the major pilin subunit of pilus colonization factor antigen III (CFA/III) of human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was identified, and the nucleotide sequence of the gene was determined. cofA consists of 714 nucleotides encoding a 238-amino-aci...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.63.2.724-728.1995
更新日期:1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The phenotypic and functional changes of glycolipid presented by CD1d(glycolipid/CD1d) specific Valpha14+ T cells in the liver of mice at early stages of bacterial infection were investigated. After Listeria monocytogenes infection or interleukin-12 (IL-12) treatment, alpha-galactosylceramide/CD1d tetramer-reactive (a...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.00311-06
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) neutrophil granules contain at least four microbicidal peptides belonging to the defensin family. These compounds were purified from granule acid extracts by reverse-phase chromatography and termed HaNP-1 to -4 (hamster neutrophil peptide). HaNP-1 and HaNP-3 revealed the most bactericida...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.64.11.4444-4449.1996
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cutaneous leishmaniasis is characterized by vascular remodeling. Following infection with Leishmania parasites, the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)/VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) signaling pathway mediates lymphangiogenesis, which is critical for lesion resolution. Therefore, we investigated the cellular and ...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.00088-19
更新日期:2019-10-18 00:00:00
abstract::The 9.5-kilobase plasmid of Yersinia pestis determines plasminogen activator, coagulase, pesticin, and pesticin immunity activities. We have mapped and cloned the loci encoding these activities and demonstrated that both plasminogen activator and coagulase were determined by the same gene, designated pla. The primary ...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.56.10.2743-2748.1988
更新日期:1988-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nonviable Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain Jamaica suspended in oil-droplet emulsions was used to enhance resistance of mice against encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). The mycobacteria-injected mice were significantly resistant to 50,000 50% lethal doses of EMCV. Similar concentrations of virus in plasma of normal an...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.22.3.740-745.1978
更新日期:1978-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neonates are at increased risk for bacterial sepsis. We established that the immune-suppressive cytokine interleukin-27 (IL-27) is elevated in neonatal mice. Similarly, human cord blood-derived macrophages express IL-27 genes and secrete more cytokine than macrophages from adults. In the present work, we hypothesized ...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.00828-19
更新日期:2020-02-20 00:00:00
abstract::Tritrichomonas foetus is a serious veterinary pathogen, causing bovine trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease leading to infertility and abortion. T. foetus infects the mucosal surfaces of the reproductive tract. Infection with T. foetus leads to apoptotic cell death of bovine vaginal epithelial cells (BVECs) ...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.72.7.4151-4158.2004
更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Infection with Giardia duodenalis is one of the most common causes of diarrheal disease in the world. While numerous studies have identified important contributions of adaptive immune responses to parasite control, much less work has examined innate immunity and its connections to the adaptive response during this inf...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.00074-16
更新日期:2016-03-24 00:00:00
abstract::We recently determined that passive transfer of serum directed against a synthetic peptide called LB1 or a recombinant fusion protein immunogen [LPD-LB1(f)(2,1,3)] could prevent otitis media after challenge with a homologous nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) isolate. NTHI residing in the nasopharynx was rapidl...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/iai.68.5.2756-2765.2000
更新日期:2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antimicrobial factors were analyzed in samples of whole saliva from 31 children, aged 0.8 to 3.8 years. When compared with the adult reference group, the children displayed similar levels of lysozyme, salivary peroxidase, and hypothiocyanite (OSCN-), whereas the amounts of immunoglobulins (isotypes A, G, and M), lacto...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.51.1.49-53.1986
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::High levels of Treponema denticola in subgingival dental plaque are associated with severe periodontal disease. T. denticola, along with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Bacteroides forsythus, are the only cultivatable oral microorganisms that produce significant amounts of "trypsin-like" peptidase activity. The ability o...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.69.10.6193-6200.2001
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Experimental infections of mice with the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei lead to a profound state of T-cell unresponsiveness in the lymph node cell (LNC) compartment. This suppression is mediated by macrophage-like cells which inhibit interleukin 2 (IL-2) secretion and down-regulate IL-2 receptor expression (M....
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.64.6.1937-1943.1996
更新日期:1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The intestinal mucosa forms the first line of defense against infections mediated by enteric pathogens such as salmonellae. Here we exploited intestinal "organoids" (iHOs) generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSCs) to explore the interaction of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with iHOs. Imagi...
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.00161-15
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that is able to penetrate human monocytes by either passive uptake during phagocytosis or active penetration. It is expected that immunoglobulin G (IgG) opsonization will target the parasite to macrophage Fc gamma receptors for phagocytic processing and subsequent degradation....
journal_title:Infection and immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/IAI.63.11.4290-4294.1995
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00