Abstract：
Purpose:To examine the impact of small pupils and light levels on reading performance of distance-corrected presbyopes. To determine whether small pupils would enable presbyopes to read at near even at low light levels. Methods:To establish the lower range of text luminances, we quantified the space-averaged luminance of text in nine different artificially lit interior environments, and examined the impact of the text characters on space-averaged luminance of electronic and printed displays. Distance and near reading speeds of 20 presbyopes (ages 40-60 years) were measured while viewing through artificial pupils (diameters 1-4.5 mm), natural pupils, or with a multifocal contact lens. Space-averaged text luminance levels varied from 0.14 to 140 cd/m2 (including the range of measured environmental text luminances). Results:Adding black text to a white computer display or paper reduces luminance by approximately 15% to 31%, and the lowest encountered environmental text luminance was approximately 2 to 3 cd/m2. For both distance and near reading performance, the 2- to 3-mm small pupil yielded the best overall reading acuity for space-averaged text light levels ≥ 2 cd/m2. The 2- to 3-mm artificial pupils and the multifocal contact lenses both enabled maximum or near-maximum reading speeds for 0.5 logMAR characters at distance and near, but with natural pupils, reading speeds were significantly reduced at near. Conclusions:Although photon noise at low luminance reduces the visual benefits of small pupils, the benefits of 2- to 3-mm artificial pupils are sufficient to enable >80% of distance-corrected presbyopes to read proficiently at near, even at the lowest text luminances found in interior environments.
journal_name
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Scijournal_title
Investigative ophthalmology & visual scienceauthors
Xu R,Gil D,Dibas M,Hare W,Bradley Adoi
10.1167/iovs.16-20008subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-10-01 00:00:00pages
5656-5664issue
13eissn
0146-0404issn
1552-5783pii
2577328journal_volume
57pub_type
杂志文章abstract：PURPOSE:Rabbits are used commonly for the evaluation of drugs and surgery to lower intraocular pressure (IOP). The authors compared the accuracy and variability of three tonometers for measuring IOP in rabbits. METHODS:The anterior chamber of adult rabbits was cannulated with a 25-gauge needle connected to an elevated...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Advanced macular degeneration is an important cause of vision loss in the United States with over 2 million people affected by the disease. Despite substantial progress in the development of new therapies for wet AMD, the severe visual impairment associated with geographic atrophy in dry AMD or Stargardt disease remai...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1167/iovs.15-18681
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abstract：PURPOSE:In the Gbeta5(-/-) mouse, the electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave is absent, and the R7 subfamily of regulators of G protein signaling (RGS), which includes RGS6, -7, -9, and -11, is downregulated. Mutant mouse strains deficient in RGS7 or -11 were characterized, and the SG711 strain which is deficient in both prote...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.09-4084
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abstract：PURPOSE:Elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a proinflammatory marker, are associated with systemic vascular disorders. In addition, clinical studies have implicated that elevated CRP is an independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. However, the direct effect of CRP o...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.07-1387
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To describe the variation in ocular biometry in adult Chinese individuals in Singapore. METHODS:This study was a population-based, cross-sectional survey of adult Chinese persons aged 40 to 81 years residing in Tanjong Pagar district, Singapore. Axial ocular dimensions, including axial length (AL), anterior ch...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To investigate regional differences in Ca(2+) mobilization kinetics in the intact human lens produced by exposure to agonists of tyrosine-kinase and G-protein-coupled receptors and to characterize the major receptor subtypes involved in Ca(2+) signaling in the different regions. METHODS:Whole human lenses were...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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doi：
更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To identify if whole-body hydration plays an important role in dry eye (DE). We hypothesized that individuals classified as DE have higher plasma osmolality (Posm), indicating suboptimal hydration, compared with those classified as non-DE. METHODS:Using a hospital-based observational cross-sectional design, as...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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doi：10.1167/iovs.12-10175
更新日期：2012-09-25 00:00:00
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.11-7563
更新日期：2011-11-07 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Fibroblast growth factor-binding proteins (FGF-BPs) have been identified recently in blood and other biologic fluids and have been shown to be identical to a truncated form of the high-affinity cell surface FGF receptor. The authors examined the hypothesis that FGF-BPs also are present in human vitreous fluid. ...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1995-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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更新日期：2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To compare visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and contrast sensitivity in adults with early- or late-onset strabismic amblyopia. METHODS:Twelve adults with early- and 12 with late-onset strabismic amblyopia with similar ranges of visual acuity were studied. Pattern-onset VEPs to 30-minute checks were recorded at ...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.02-0240
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.02-0980
更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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doi：
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To determine the prevalence, incidence, and progression of myopia of Chinese children in Hong Kong. METHODS:A cross-sectional survey was initially conducted. A longitudinal follow-up study was then conducted 12 months later. RESULTS:A total of 7560 children of mean age 9.33 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 9.1...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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doi：
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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doi：
更新日期：1996-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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doi：
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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doi：
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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doi：
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