Abstract:
:The comet assay is a versatile, reliable, cost-efficient, and fast technique for detecting DNA damage and repair in any tissue. It is useable in almost any cell type and applicable to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Instead of highlighting one of the numerous specific aspects of the comet assay, the present review aims at giving an overview about the evolution of this widely applicable method from the first description by Ostling and Johanson to the OECD Guideline 489 for the in vivo mammalian comet assay. In addition, methodical aspects and the influence of critical steps of the assay as well as the evaluation of results and improvements of the method are reviewed. Methodical aspects regarding oxidative DNA damage and repair are also addressed. An overview about the most recent works and relevant cutting-edge reviews based on the comet assay with special regard to, e.g., clinical applications, nanoparticles or environmental risk assessment concludes this review. Taken together, the presented overview raises expectations to further decades of successful applications and enhancements of this excellent method.
journal_name
Arch Toxicoljournal_title
Archives of toxicologyauthors
Glei M,Schneider T,Schlörmann Wdoi
10.1007/s00204-016-1767-ysubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-10-01 00:00:00pages
2315-36issue
10eissn
0340-5761issn
1432-0738pii
10.1007/s00204-016-1767-yjournal_volume
90pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::We recently presented a modified local lymph node test which made it possible to quickly and reliably differentiate between irritative and allergic skin reactions with extremely simple parameters. The Integrated Model for the Differentiation of Skin Reactions (IMDS) test combines measurement of cell proliferation in d...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s002040050001
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporin A (CsA) are two potent immunosuppressants mainly metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P-450 3A (CYP3A) monooxygenase. The aim of this study was to compare the toxic effects of the two drugs on hepatocytes in primary culture as a function of their metabolism and to explore the variations...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s002040050499
更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The metabolism of arsenic is generally accepted to proceed by repetitive reduction and oxidative methylation; the latter is mediated by arsenic methyltransferase (Cyt19). In human urine, the major metabolites of inorganic arsenicals such as arsenite (iAsIII) and arsenate (iAsV) are monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)) and ...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00204-004-0620-x
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the original publication of the article. ...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 已发布勘误
doi:10.1007/s00204-019-02491-w
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Polyclonal antibodies raised toward a debrisoquine 4-hydroxylating cytochrome P-450 species purified from rat liver (P-450UT-A) were used to determine which monooxygenase reactions are linked to debrisoquine hydroxylation in human liver. Anti P-450UT-A did not inhibit the oxidation of dimethylnitrosamine, morphine, di...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00296955
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a well-known inhibitor of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, due to its ability to inhibit ceramide synthases (CerS) activity. In mammals, this toxin triggers broad clinical symptoms with multi-organ dysfunction such as hepatotoxicity or pulmonary edema. The molecular mechanism of CerS inhibition...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00204-014-1323-6
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intermittent inhalation of 300 ppm of xylene vapour 6 h daily for 2 weeks caused a marked accumulation of the solvent in the perirenal fat. Simultaneous ethanol ingestion reduced the solvent load significantly although the perirenal xylene concentration increased in both test groups between the first and second week o...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00354091
更新日期:1978-12-28 00:00:00
abstract::Bromethylbutyramide (Carbromide), a quantitatively important metabolite of carbromal, diminished the contractility of electrically driven and the frequency of spontaneously beating guinea-pig atria. The negative inotropic action of bromethylbutyramide occurred at concentrations which are reached in human carbromal poi...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF01891970
更新日期:1978-04-27 00:00:00
abstract::Initially, mice were pretreated with atropine (17.4 mg/kg; IP) and the oxime reactivator HI-6 (50 mg/kg; IP) 5 min prior to an injection of soman (287 micrograms/kg, SC); approximately 2.1 x LD50 dose). More than 95% of the mice survived this dose of soman with atropine and HI-6 pretreatment. In these survivors of som...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00316438
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Knowledge about established breast carcinogens can support improved and modernized toxicological testing methods by identifying key mechanistic events. Ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of breast cancer, especially for women and for exposure at younger ages, and evidence overall supports a linear dose-respons...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s00204-020-02752-z
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::To examine the demethylation reaction of methylmercury (MeHg) in rat liver, slices prepared from MeHg-treated rats were incubated in L-15 medium under 95% O2/5% CO2 atmosphere. During the incubation, the amount of inorganic Hg in the slices markedly increased in a time-dependent manner, although the concentration of t...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s002040100256
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::N-methylformamide (NMF) produced dose-dependent zone 3 haemorrhagic necrosis in mice; the threshold dose was 100-200 mg/kg. In rats a dose of 1000 mg/kg caused hepatic damage in some animals and slight elevations of plasma transaminases. A species difference in susceptibility to NMF-induced hepatotoxicity is clearly i...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00570135
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of endogenous, small, noncoding RNA molecules that involved in a wide range of biological processes including differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. A polymorphism G>C (rs2910164) is located in the stem region opposite to the mature miR-146a sequence. In our study, we investigat...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00204-012-1004-2
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The nephrotoxic action of aristolochic acid (AA) was investigated in female Wistar rats given single doses of 10, 50 or 100 mg/kg by gastric tube. Renal lesions developed within 3 days, the effect being dose-dependent. Histologically, there was evidence of necrosis of the epithelium of the renal tubules, and functiona...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF01973700
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Renal papillary necrosis (RPN) was induced in Fischer 344 (F344) rats (n = 4) using 2-bromoethanamine hydrobromide (BEA) dosed at 150 mg/kg, and in multimammate desert mice (Mastomys natalensis) at 150 and 250 mg/kg (n = 4 per group). Control rats and Mastomys were dosed with 0.9% saline (n = 4 per group). Urine was c...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02733668
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of dicamba, a widely used broad-leaf herbicide, on rat liver mitochondrial bioenergetic activities were examined. The results obtained for state 4 respiration indicate not only an uncoupling effect, the result of an increase on the permeability of inner mitochondria membrane to protons, but also a strong i...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00204-003-0456-9
更新日期:2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::MDMA-induced impairments of memory performance have been reported in different human and animal studies. However, the correlation between spatial memory impairment, brain mitochondrial function, and concentrations of MDMA and its metabolites has not yet been investigated despite it being needed for comparison with hum...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00204-020-02673-x
更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The possibility that the exposure of the embryo to certain chemical substances can lead to behavioral disturbances is known from human epidemiological studies, e.g., in chronic poisoning with mercury and ethanol. Therefore, efforts are made to develop toxicological techniques with which new behavioral teratogens can b...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/BF00310480
更新日期:1981-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group is recognized as alert for mutagenicity, attributed to (1) its direct reaction with DNA, counteractable by glutathione (GSH), and (2) oxidative stress caused indirectly by GSH depletion. Accordingly, the α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated lactone patulin (PAT), a mycotoxin detected in fruits and pr...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00204-014-1443-z
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The activity of 18 vitamin D analogs on soft tissue calcification and growth impairment in neonatal rats and their effect on bone calcium mobilization, intestinal calcium absorption and binding to intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in adult rats were compared. Depending on the chemical modification of the v...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00303129
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is a leading cause of drug-induced acute liver failure. Prolonged c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation plays a central role in APAP-induced liver injury; however, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 beta (GADD45β) is known to inhibit JNK phosphorylation. The orphan nuclear recep...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00204-018-2247-3
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the third gasotransmitter, has been shown to act as a neuroprotective factor in numerous pathological processes; however, its underlying mechanism(s) of action remain unclear. It is widely accepted that activation of moderate autophagy and the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway play important roles in ...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00204-018-2208-x
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The elevations of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine caused by cis-platinum in rats can be prevented by a combination of procedures centered around the administration of sodium N-methyl-N-dithiocarboxyglucamine (NaG), before and very soon after the cis-platinum is administered in hypertonic (4.5%) saline. Elevat...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00316327
更新日期:1986-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The significance of elevated excretion of metallothionein in urine of women living in cadmium-polluted areas of Japan was studied with respect to renal dysfunction. The relationships between the concentrations of metallothionein in urine and those of other non-specific urinary indices of renal dysfunction, i.e., total...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00373398
更新日期:1982-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) caused a dose-dependent increase in urinary taurine which correlated with both the histological and biochemical assessment of liver damage. The peak elevation in urinary taurine occurred within the first 48 h after dosing but there was still significant taurinuria 72 and 96 h after the inte...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF01973715
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the most potent tumor promoter ever tested in rodents. Although it is known that most of the effects of TCDD are mediated by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), the mechanisms leading to tumor promotion still remain to be elucidated. Loss of contact inhibition ...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00204-004-0601-0
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of ethanol on metabolism of 20 nitriles was studied in vivo and in vitro in mice. The hepatic microsomal metabolizing activity for nitriles was at a maximum 13 h after ethanol dosing (4.0 g/kg). Using microsomes from mice pretreated with ethanol under the above conditions, enhancement of the in vitro metabo...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00340977
更新日期:1986-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Labilization of lysosomal enzymes is often associated with the general process of inflammation. The present study investigated the effect of the pneumotoxin cadmium on the release and activity of two lung lysosomal enzymes. Incubation of rat lung lysosomes with cadmium resulted in the release of beta-glucuronidase but...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s002040050181
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sotalol [4-(2-isopropylamino-1-hydroxyethyl)-methane-sulfonanilide hydrochloride] is a beta-adrenergic blocking agent. Despite the widespread use of these drugs, poisonings are not frequent. In this report the authors describe the first recorded case of fatal sotalol overdosage to their knowledge. The results of toxic...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00297587
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD) is known to influence vitamin A homeostasis. In order to investigate the mechanism behind this retinoid disruption, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to TCDD at doses ranging from 0.1 to 100 micro g/kg body weight, and were killed 3 days after exposure. Additional groups...
journal_title:Archives of toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00204-003-0457-8
更新日期:2003-07-01 00:00:00