Abstract:
:The relationship of parents' cigarette smoking to outcome of pregnancy-implications as to the problem of inferring causation from observed associations. Amer J Epidem 1971;93:443-456. Nearly 10,000 white and more than 3000 black women were interviewed early in pregnancy on a variety of medical, genetic, environmental, and behavior variables. The increase in the incidence of low-birth-weight among infants of smoking mothers was confirmed. However, a number of paradoxical findings were observed which raise doubts as to causation. Thus, no increase in neonatal mortality was noted. Rather, the neonatal mortality rate and the risk of congenital anomalies of low-birthweight infants were considerably lower for smoking than for nonsmoking mothers. These favorable results cannot be explained by differences in gestational age, nor does a "displacement" hypothesis appear reasonable. Among other findings which could not easily be explained: The healthiest low-birth-weight infants were found for couples where the wife smoked and her husband did not smoke; the most vulnerable were produced by couples where the wife did not smoke and the husband smoked. There were great differences in mode-of-life characteristics between smokers and nonsmokers. The latter were more likely to use contraceptive methods, to plan the baby, less likely to drink coffee and hard liquor, and in general appeared to live at a much slower and moderate pace than the smokers. Most puzzling difference is that of age at menarche, which was lower for smoking mothers. These paradoxical findings raise doubts and argue against the proposition that cigarette smoking acts as an exogenous factor which interferes with intrauterine development of the fetus.
journal_name
Int J Epidemioljournal_title
International journal of epidemiologyauthors
Yerushalmy Jdoi
10.1093/ije/dyu160subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-10-01 00:00:00pages
1355-66issue
5eissn
0300-5771issn
1464-3685pii
dyu160journal_volume
43pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:Epidemiology's role as the 'diagnostic' arm of public health has submitted epidemiological reasoning and practice to the crossfire of oppositional social values and demands. In Latin America, the visible signs of extreme social and political authoritarianism and inequity, as well as the growing unfairness of...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyn135
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Animal models suggest that compounds containing a nitrosyl group (N-nitroso compounds (NNO)) can act as potent transplacental carcinogens. Many common drug formulations have the potential to undergo nitrosation in vivo. The association between maternal use of nitrosatable drugs during pregnancy and developme...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/24.2.308
更新日期:1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The relationships between cold temperatures and cardio-respiratory mortality in the elderly are well documented. We wished to determine whether similar relationships exist with consultations in the primary care setting and to assess the lag time at which the effects were observed. METHODS:Generalized additi...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/31.4.825
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Increases in measles antibodies without rash-illnesses have been documented in previously vaccinated children exposed to measles cases. The phenomenon has been incompletely evaluated in young unvaccinated infants with immunity of maternal origin. METHODS:Monthly cohorts of newborns were prospectively random...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1093/ije/28.1.147
更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Interrupted time series designs are a valuable quasi-experimental approach for evaluating public health interventions. Interrupted time series extends a single group pre-post comparison by using multiple time points to control for underlying trends. But history bias-confounding by unexpected events occurring at the sa...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa152
更新日期:2021-01-23 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Epidemiological inferences about the aetiology of a disease can often be made from its seasonal patterns. However, due to its multifactorial nature, the seasonality component can be obscured by other factors. It is therefore important to develop statistical techniques which are sensitive to minute temporal c...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/25.2.426
更新日期:1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging (ILSA) evaluates the rates of diabetes, cardiovascular and neurological disorders in a random sample of 5632 Italians aged 65-84 years. METHODS:The ILSA has two components: a first screening phase administered to all participants, that includes a personal interview, p...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/26.5.995
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of drug use, and how morbidity, use of health services, self-evaluated health, demographic pattern and lifestyle characteristics influence drug use in a general population. METHODS:The study was carried out in the municipality of Tromsø, Norway. A sample...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/23.6.1262
更新日期:1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To examine educational gradients in overall and cause-specific mortality among elderly married men and women and their spouses. METHODS:Using the census-based Israel Longitudinal Mortality Study (1983-92), 13 573 married men and 6563 married women were identified who were aged 70-89 years at baseline. Cox p...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyi185
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Few studies have examined the independent and combined relationships of body mass index (BMI) peak and rebound with adiposity, insulin resistance and metabolic risk later in life. We used data from Project Viva, a well-characterized birth cohort from Boston with repeated measures of BMI, to help fill this ga...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyy286
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The infant mortality rate is not a good indicator of overall mortality or health status. Based on new empirical life tables from the UN Population Division, it can only predict life expectancy with 95% confidence to within a 14-year range. Two infant mortality rates must be nearly 80 units apart to be 95% confident th...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/17.1.122
更新日期:1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the Zutphen Study data were collected on occupation, smoking habits, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, height and weight of 856 men who were 40-59 years old in 1960. Between 1960 and 1985 detailed information was collected on mortality. The effect of socioeconomic status as indicated by occupation on 25-year morta...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/18.3.658
更新日期:1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Extended breastfeeding is known to benefit the health of children in developing countries and despite widespread expectations of a decline in breastfeeding in these countries, it has been demonstrated that the incidence and duration of breastfeeding are in fact increasing many countries. METHODS:In this pap...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/25.1.94
更新日期:1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies of diet in relation to disease raise methodological challenges considerably more complicated than in most epidemiological investigations. Diet is not a single exposure, but rather a complex set of many intercorrelated continuous variables. Moreover, these variables are likely to have non-linear relationships w...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/16.2.312
更新日期:1987-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Peptic ulcer (PU) disease is the cause of substantial morbidity and mortality in a number of countries including Australia. Despite diagnostic and treatment advances, sustained mortality from PU disease has been reported. To understand this problem a birth cohort analysis using the Median Polish Technique (MPT) was pe...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/22.6.1085
更新日期:1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In the absence of planned efforts to target the poor, child survival programs often favour the rich. Further evidence is needed urgently about which interventions and programme approaches are most effective in addressing inequities. The Lives Saved Tool (LiST) is available and can be used to model mortality ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyq034
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Experimental studies show that some compounds in tobacco smoke are transplacental carcinogens, but epidemiological data on maternal smoking and childhood cancer are inconclusive. Using the national Swedish Medical Birth and Cancer Registries, the incidence of cancer was followed through 1987 in a cohort of 497,051 chi...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/21.1.1
更新日期:1992-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:We assessed the differential and sequential effects of a Government of India conditional cash transfer scheme for the socio-economically disadvantaged (Janani Suraksha Yojana; JSY) and the strengthening of the primary health centre (PHC) network to provide 24/7 obstetric care in promoting institutional deliv...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyt071
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Specificity of association between putative risk factor and disease under study is important to inference on causality. Nevertheless many studies investigate mortality of a single disease without comparison with a control. Age-standardized proportional mortality ratios make single disease studies into case-control stu...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/20.4.984
更新日期:1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The purpose of this study was to analyse both cross-sectional associations and how longitudinal changes in lifestyle factors from one state in 1980-1981 to another in 1988-1989 influence self-reported health status. Another aim was to estimate the hazard ratios for all-cause mortality for the changes in life...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/28.6.1073
更新日期:1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In the past, upward shifts of the so-called Preston curve, which relates life expectancy to national income, have contributed importantly to worldwide increases in life expectancy. These shifts were due to rapid diffusion of knowledge and technology for infectious disease control from high-income to low-inco...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyt122
更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Recently, using a counterfactual framework, a causal mediation analysis has been formalized to decompose the total effect of a time-fixed exposure on an outcome into four components that can be loosely defined as being components due to mediation only, interaction only, mediated interaction and neither. The ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyy252
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A random population sample from Eastern Finland was studied. Altogether approximately 12 000 persons aged 25 to 59 years were examined with participation rate of 92%. Smoking, high saturated fat diet, increased serum cholesterol and elevated blood pressure showed clustering among men but not among women. Smoking tende...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/10.3.203
更新日期:1981-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:To assess the impact of water sanitation and sewage disposal, part of a major environmental control programme in Rio de Janeiro, we carried out sero-prevalence studies for Hepatitis A virus (HAV) in three micro-regions in Rio de Janeiro. Each region varied with regard to level of sanitation. We are intereste...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/28.4.776
更新日期:1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Until recently, botulism was not recognized as an important public health problem in Taiwan. In 1986, an outbreak of type A foodborne botulism resulted in nine cases, two of them fatal. The vehicle in this outbreak was commercially preserved peanuts processed by an improperly equipped, unlicensed cannery. A single bat...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/17.4.899
更新日期:1988-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Life expectancy is most commonly measured for a period (corresponding to mortality within a given year) or for a specific birth cohort. Although widely used, period and cohort life expectancy have limitations as their time-trends often show disparities and can mask the historical mortality experience of all cohorts pr...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyz276
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The distribution of death certification rates from various cancers or groups of cancers in broad Italian geographical areas (north/centre/south) was analysed. In both sexes, total cancer mortality was considerably elevated in the north of the country compared to southern regions (around 70% for males and 30% for femal...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/14.4.538
更新日期:1985-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The proportion of births to women of New Commonwealth origin in different Area Health Authorities (AHAs) varies widely. The influence of this varying proportion in contributing to differences in perinatal mortality rate (PNMR) between authorities is examined. Firstly, it is shown that the two main 'immigrant' groups h...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/9.3.255
更新日期:1980-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Alcohol misuse is an important global health determinant and a major contributor to health inequalities. We aimed to investigate the association between school performance and alcohol-related disorders in early adulthood in a longitudinal register-based national cohort study. METHODS:We followed a register-...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyv006
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In an extensive health survey 115 male viscose rayon workers exposed to carbon disulphide (CS2) and 76 referents not exposed to this chemical were interviewed using the WHO cardiovascular questionnaire and responded to a self-administered questionnaire. A 12-lead ECG was taken and coded using the Minnesota code. Blood...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/21.4.745
更新日期:1992-08-01 00:00:00