Abstract：
:Specificity of association between putative risk factor and disease under study is important to inference on causality. Nevertheless many studies investigate mortality of a single disease without comparison with a control. Age-standardized proportional mortality ratios make single disease studies into case-control studies and thus demonstrate whether or not associations are disease specific. Comparison of disease-specific with all-cause mortality experiences of whole populations classified by exposure, clearly distinguishes between exposures associated with more death and with earlier/younger death, thereby overcoming an important limitation of the familiar standardized mortality ratio (SMR). Smoking is associated with more death from lung cancer (lifetime cause-specific proportions, never 1%, light 6%, moderate 8% and heavy 12%) and with earlier/younger death from ischaemic heart disease (never 35%, light 34%, moderate 32% and heavy 29%).
journal_name
Int J Epidemioljournal_title
International journal of epidemiologyauthors
West RRdoi
10.1093/ije/20.4.984subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1991-12-01 00:00:00pages
984-8issue
4eissn
0300-5771issn
1464-3685journal_volume
20pub_type
杂志文章abstract：BACKGROUND:During pregnancy, woman and fetus exchange small quantities of cells, and their persistence at later times is termed microchimerism. Microchimerism is known to substantially impact on women's later health. This study examined the survival of women according to male microchimerism status. METHODS:Male microc...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyt230
更新日期：2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:The aim of the present historical cohort study was to enhance the understanding of the unusual mortality pattern seen among seafarers. The main object was to describe the mortality pattern of Danish seafarers in recent years with special reference to the influence of accidents in the maritime workplace and a...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/25.6.1237
更新日期：1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:There is evidence that occupational factors that cause psychological strain can affect physical and mental health, but findings are not consistent. METHODS:Work satisfaction was used as a convenient global index of job-related psychological strain. Relationships with general, physical and emotional health, ...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/23.1.98
更新日期：1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Mortality was compared in the Jewish populations of Montreal and Israel and the overall Canadian population, to investigate whether the Israeli pattern of low male mortality and relatively high female mortality is replicated among Jews living elsewhere. METHODS:In Montreal, death certificates were obtained ...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/24.4.730
更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The objective of this study is to measure the association between protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in children and their mothers' mental health, in a low income area in the city of Embú, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS:A case-control study was performed. Cases were 60 moderately and severely malnourished childr...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/25.1.128
更新日期：1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Despite positive changes in most maternal risk factors in Brazil, previous studies did not show reductions in preterm birth and low birthweight. We analysed trends and inequalities in these outcomes over a 33-year period in a Brazilian city. METHODS:Four population-based birth cohort studies were carried ou...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyy106
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:In the mid 1980s European governments committed themselves to the WHO goal 'reduced inequality in health by year 2000' according to which inequality in health should be reduced by 25% by the year 2000. The study aim is to estimate the time trend in relative risk due to ischaemic heart disease (IHD) morbidity...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/28.4.640
更新日期：1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Several studies have shown that inactivated, whole-cell oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) confer both direct protection on vaccinees and herd protection on populations. Because our earlier cluster-randomized effectiveness trial (CRT) in urban Bangladesh failed to detect OCV herd protection, we reanalysed the tria...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1093/ije/dyz060
更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Present understanding of increased risk of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related infectious mononucleosis among children of low birth order or small sibships is mainly based on old and indirect evidence. Societal changes and methodological limitations of previous studies call for new data. METHODS:We used data f...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyu118
更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The impact and cost-effectiveness of couples' voluntary HIV counselling and testing (CVCT) has not been quantified in real-world settings. We quantify cost-per-HIV-infection averted by CVCT in Zambia from the donor's perspective. METHODS:From 2010 to 2016, CVCT was established in 73 Zambian government clini...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1093/ije/dyy203
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Combatting Childhood Communicable Disease (CCCD) project is a comprehensive public health programme designed to reduce child mortality by 25% through the use of the following strategies: vaccination, oral rehydration therapy, and prompt treatment for malaria. To evaluate this programme, cross-sectional surveys wer...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/22.supplement_1.s15
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium disease on the basis of history and physical examination alone is often difficult. Tests have thus been developed to allow an early and more accurate diagnosis. However these tests have substantial imperfections and many different results obtained from these tests must be integ...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/17.1.202
更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:While dietary patterns that are both predictive of chronic disease and mortality have been identified, the confounding effects of cardiorespiratory fitness have not been properly addressed. The primary objective was to assess the relation between dietary patterns with all-cause mortality, while controlling f...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyp191
更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Predictions of primary liver cancer (PLC) incidence rates and case numbers are critical to understand and plan for PLC disease burden. METHODS:Data on PLC incidence rates and case numbers from 1990 to 2017 were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease database. The estimated average percentage change (EA...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyaa196
更新日期：2020-12-08 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:It is unclear when in the life course do social inequalities in inflammation emerge. We examined whether the association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) is determined at conception, in childhood, adolescence or adulthood in 1484 participants from the population-based Cardiov...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dym244
更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The STEPS Study aims to search for the precursors and causes of problems in child health and well-being by using a multidisciplinary approach. The cohort consists of all mothers (Finnish or Swedish speaking) who had live deliveries in the Hospital District of Southwest Finland from January 2008 to April 2010 and their...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dys150
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hip fractures in elderly people are an important public health problem in many Western populations. Little is known of their epidemiology in Oriental populations. A comparative study of hip fracture incidence in Hong Kong and Southampton showed similar incidence rates by age and sex. In the last two decades hip fractu...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/19.4.1119
更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Each of three consecutive cold seasons (November-March) in the town of Tiberias, Israel, was dominated by one particular rotavirus serotype causing acute diarrhoea in the community: the 1987/88 season by serotype-2; 1988/89 by serotype-1 and 1989/90 by serotype-4. Each season was also characterized by a particular pat...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/21.2.399
更新日期：1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Few data on birthweight distributions are available for Zimbabwe. This paper reports a study of 2140 births in Harare, Zimbabwe, occurring in April 1986. Births took place in public facilities, which are estimated to serve 85% of the urban population. Mean birthweight for the entire sample is 2970 g, and for singleton...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/19.1.98
更新日期：1990-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:There is limited knowledge about the optimal timing of antiretroviral treatment initiation in older children and adolescents. Methods:A total of 20 576 antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naïve patients, aged 1-16 years at enrolment, from 19 cohorts in Europe, Southern Africa and West Africa, were included. We c...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1093/ije/dyw097
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:So far, no randomized controlled trials with a mean mammographic screening interval of > or = 2 years has demonstrated statistically significant mortality reduction for women younger than age 50. The issue of screening frequency is vital in detection of primary breast cancer. METHODS:The study group consist...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/29.5.803
更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Not every leprosy patient is equally effective in transmitting Mycobacterium leprae. We studied the spatial distribution of infection (using seropositivity as a marker) in the population to identify which disease characteristics of leprosy patients are important in transmission. METHODS:Clinical data and bl...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyh266
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Under-5 mortality is unacceptably high in many countries, the burden of which is mainly borne by the poor. Whereas country characteristics are known to influence under-5 mortality, it is unknown whether these have a different impact on the poor and the rich. We aimed to describe how the association between u...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyi190
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Samples of railroad male employees aged 40-59 were examined from companies operating in the northwest quadrant of the US in the late 1950s (n = 2571), and in Rome and surroundings. Italy in the early 1960s (n = 768) in an international co-operative study on cardiovascular diseases. METHODS:A number of cardi...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1093/ije/24.3.515
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This discussion of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in less developed countries covers incidence/prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, sequelae, future trends, and new opportunities for STD control -- technological changes, health service changes, and social and political changes. For most countries, current, pop...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/ije/14.4.505
更新日期：1985-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Educational attainment is associated with many life outcomes, including income, occupation and many health and lifestyle variables. Many researchers use it as a control variable in epidemiological and other social scientific studies, often without specifying exactly what environmental effects or set of perso...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyq072
更新日期：2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Women in developing countries often continue their agricultural work during late pregnancy. Whether this adversely affects birthweight is not clear from previous studies as few controlled for confounding factors. This study seeks to clarify this issue. METHODS:This retrospective cohort study investigated 95...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/28.3.469
更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Studies suggest that increased levels of physical activity might decrease the risk of prostate cancer. We ascertained lifetime measures of activity in a population-based case-control study of prostate cancer in Shanghai, China to investigate physical activity in a population where the incidence of prostate c...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/30.2.341
更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:In sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of orphanhood among children has been greatly exacerbated by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. If orphanhood harms a child's development and these effects perpetuate into adult life, then the African orphan crisis could seriously jeopardize the continent's future generations. Wheth...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyn197
更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC) is a 10-country collaborative study in which EPIC-Norfolk is one of the UK centres. EPIC-Norfolk examined 25 639 men and women resident in East Anglia (aged 40-79 years), between 1993 and 1997. The EPIC collaboration was set up to examine the dietary determinants...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyt086
更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00
