Abstract：
:Genetic mutation leads to anatomical variation only indirectly because many proteins involved in generating anatomical structures in embryos operate cooperatively within molecular networks. These include gene-regulatory or control networks (CNs) for timing, signaling and patterning together with the process networks (PNs) for proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and morphogenesis that they control. This paper argues that anatomical variation is achieved through a two-stage process: mutation alters the outputs of CNs and perhaps the proliferation network, and such changed outputs alter the ways that PNs construct tissues. This systems-biology approach has several implications: first, because networks contain many cooperating proteins, they amplify the effects of genetic variation so enabling mutation to generate a wider range of phenotypes than a single changed protein acting alone could. Second, this amplification helps explain how novel phenotypes can be produced relatively rapidly. Third, because even organisms with novel anatomical phenotypes derive from variants in standard networks, there is no genetic barrier to their producing viable offspring. This approach also clarifies a terminological difficulty: classical evolutionary genetics views genes in terms of phenotype heritability rather than as DNA sequences. This paper suggests that the molecular phenotype of the classical concept of a gene is often a protein network, with a mutation leading to an alteration in that network's dynamics.
journal_name
J Anatjournal_title
Journal of anatomyauthors
Bard Jdoi
10.1111/joa.12205subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-08-01 00:00:00pages
123-31issue
2eissn
0021-8782issn
1469-7580journal_volume
225pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Since their discovery in different human tissues by Zimmermann in 1898, primary cilia have been found in the vast majority of cell types in vertebrates. Primary cilia are considered to be cellular antennae that occupy an ideal cellular location for the interpretation of information both from the environment and from o...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/joa.12360
更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The number of large neurons in the lateral vestibular nucleus of the mouse brain decreases in number after 25 months of age, from 488 at 25 months to 298 at 31 months. The number of small neurons in the nucleus remains constant up to 31 months of age. Large neurons accumulate lipofuscin from 25 months and their mean n...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Premature closure of the sagittal suture occurs as an isolated (nonsyndromic) birth defect or as a syndromic anomaly in combination with other congenital dysmorphologies. The genetic causes of sagittal nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (NSC) remain unknown. Although variation of the dysmorphic (scaphocephaly) skull shape ...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01258.x
更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is well accepted that the aortic plexus is a network of pre- and post-ganglionic nerves overlying the abdominal aorta, which is primarily involved with the sympathetic innervation to the mesenteric, pelvic and urogenital organs. Because a comprehensive anatomical description of the aortic plexus and its connections...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/joa.12251
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Developing Xenopus embryos treated during gastrulation with 22 micrograms/l of salmar calcitonin in the ambient water develop into larvae exhibiting a decrease in interocular distance. In view of the hypocalcaemic properties of calcitonin and the importance of calcium ions in cell aggregation, this phenomenon has been...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is a challenge to understand how barn owls (Tyto alba) reduce noise during flight to be able to hunt small mammals by audition. Several specializations of the wing and the wing feathers have been implicated in noise reduction. What has been overlooked so far are the fringes at the inner vanes of remiges. We demonst...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01504.x
更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This pre-embedding electron-immunocytochemical study investigated the localisation of endothelial (type III) and neuronal (type I) isoforms of nitric oxide synthase, substance P, endothelin-1 and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the human middle cerebral artery taken up to 40 h postmortem. To ¿recover' from the anoxic period so...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Providing formative assessment opportunities has been recognised as a significant benefit to student learning. The outcome of any formative assessment should be one that ultimately helps improve student learning through familiarising students with the levels of learning required, informing them about gaps in their lea...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/joa.12117
更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mammalian Langerhans cells (LC) are epidermal dendritic cells which originate in bone marrow and migrate toward the T cell area of lymph nodes, where they act as professional antigen-presenting cells. A variety of cell surface markers, such as the ectoenzyme adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), Ia and CDla antigens, hav...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19940493.x
更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lateral nasal glands of 12-15 weeks old pups are immature. Gland acini of pups and mature dogs contain numerous electron-lucent vacuoles with basophilic, electron-dense cores. The vacuoles contain both acid and neutral glycoproteins, sialated glycoproteins being the dominant acidic moiety. Lateral and basal cytoplasmi...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The bronchial tree was investigated in 37 pairs of lungs of adult dogs using dissection and corrosion techniques. The external morphology of the lungs and their lobes has been described. The right lung was divided by deep fissures into four lobes, the apical, the middle, the diaphragmatic and the intermediate. The lef...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Longitudinal growth of long bones takes place at the growth plates. The growth plate produces new bone trabeculae, which are later resorbed or merged into the cortical shell. This process implies transition of trabecular metaphyseal sections into diaphyseal sections. We hypothesize that the development of cortical bon...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00503.x
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The development of the olfactory epithelium from the 10th day of gestation of postnatal life has been examined electron miscroscopically in the mouse. At 10 days' gestation the epithelium is already differentiated into dark and pale cells, the former representing embryonic stem cells and the latter the developing rece...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1975-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The anatomy of porcine bronchial circulation has not been fully described. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extrapulmonary topographic anatomy of bronchial arteries in pig. Ten pigs weighing 15-25 kg were studied. Between one and four bronchial arteries were found in each pig. The bronchoesophageal art...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00455.x
更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Calretinin is a calcium-binding protein found widely distributed in the central nervous system and chemosensory cells of the teleosts, but its presence in the peripheral nervous system of fishes is unknown. In this study we used Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry to investigate the occurrence and distribut...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00836.x
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of varying periods of general protein-calorie undernutrition during early life on Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of the rat were examined. In Experiment 1, animals were undernourished from d 18 of gestation until either d 30 or d 60 of postnatal age, followed in some cases by a period of nutritional reha...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glycosaminoglycans have been demonstrated throughout the cutaneous BMZ at the ultrastructural level. Colloidal iron and cationised ferritin proved of limited value, whilst staining with Alcian blue and application of the critical electrolyte concentration principle has provided evidence for the presence of sulphated G...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The collagen in the endoneurium is present as argyrophilic reticular fibres, which show up as thin, weakly birefringent greenish fibres when studied by aid of the Picrosirius-polarization method, and are composed of loosely arranged thin collagen fibrils. The epineurium consists of thick non-argyrophilic collagen fibr...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1983-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We present a simple and quick system for accurately scoring the developmental progress of mouse embryos harvested on embryonic day 14 (E14.5). Based solely on the external appearance of the maturing forelimb, we provide a convenient way to distinguish six developmental sub-stages. Using a variety of objective morphome...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/joa.12590
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interference with venous outflow from a limb to stimulate fracture repair and bone growth has a long history, and its beneficial effects have been confirmed by many experimental and clinical studies. With the development of fracture fixation systems, the therapeutic use of circulatory intervention became redundant. Re...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The striated muscle component of the opossum oesophagus has been studied for fibre type as revealed by histochemical stains for succinic acid dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase and after staining with the periodic acid-Schiff reagent. The reactions were compared to...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1982-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tooth germs from the mandibles of 5 stillborn infants were examined by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy in order to investigate the surgace structure at different stages of mineralization. The surface of the completed enamel of the incisal third of the incisors was smooth, indicating that amelogenesis...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1977-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Abstract The skull and the face are directly related, and skeletal morphology influences the facial proportions, muscle structure, feature formation and hence detailed facial appearance. Each face is unique and we are each capable of perceiving very subtle differences between faces in order to carry out personal recog...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00972.x
更新日期：2008-11-27 00:00:00
abstract：:As a member of the most basal clade of extant ray-finned fishes (actinopterygians) and of one of the most basal clades of osteichthyans (bony fishes + tetrapods), Polypterus can provide insights into the ancestral anatomy of both ray-finned and lobe-finned fishes, including those that gave rise to tetrapods. The pecto...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/joa.12573
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Light and electron microscopic techniques were employed to study the structure of the ureter of the starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Particular attention was paid to the characterisation of the epithelial cell types. Differences were found in the chemical composition of the mucins found in the ureteric epithelial cells an...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1983-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins which constitute the major component of the mucus layer and are produce by many epithelial tissues in vertebrates. Osteopontin (OPN) is an adhesive phosphorylated glycoprotein that is expressed by a broad range of tissues and cells. Although gastric mucins MUC1, MUC5AC, M...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01243.x
更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chromaffin cells were observed singly or in clusters in the heart and sympathetic cord of 2 genera of dipnoan fish, Protopterus and Lepidosiren. They were invariably found in close association with the autonomic sympathetic nervous system and at sites where chromaffin cells or their precursors are situated in mammals ...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Early hominins formed large and thick-enamelled cheek-teeth within relatively short growth periods as compared with modern humans. To understand better the developmental basis of this process, we measured daily enamel increments, or cross striations, in 17 molars of Plio-Pleistocene hominins representing seven differe...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00938.x
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Horns are permanent structures projecting from the head of bovids, consisting of a bony horncore covered with a layer of skin and then a sheath of keratinous material showing variability of growth intensity based on nutrition. From the point of view of the horn's mechanical properties, the keratin sheath has been wide...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/joa.12708
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Large perforations of the tympanic membrane were made in groups of guinea-pigs. The mitotic response in the stratified squamous epithelium at the edge of the wound was examined in perforations between 1 and 28 days after injury. Peaks of activity were discovered at 2, 15-16 and 24 days after wounding. It was also foun...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1977-12-01 00:00:00
