Abstract:
:The starting point for the study of adverse experiences is that some have enduring consequences that continue after the period of exposure to the adversity. That raises four basic issues: whether social adversities can be considered homogeneous, whether the crucial effect lies in the "objective" or subjectively perceived "effective" environment, whether the effects are environmentally mediated, and whether the form of biological embedding involves psychological or health consequences. The findings in the literature are discussed in relation to the biological effects of supposedly positive or normal experiences, the use of natural experiments to determine the causal effects of early experience, the heterogeneity of social adversity, the possible mediators of the biological embedding, gene-environment interdependence, and remaining challenges.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Rutter Mdoi
10.1073/pnas.1121258109subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-10-16 00:00:00pages
17149-53eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
1121258109journal_volume
109 Suppl 2pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::A computational model is presented that can be used as a tool in the design of safer chemicals. This model predicts the rate of hydrogen-atom abstraction by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Excellent correlations between biotransformation rates and the calculated activation energies (delta Hact) of the cytochrome P450-mediate...
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