Synthesis of oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate).

abstract：:Optogenetic tools provide users the ability to photocontrol the activity of cells. Commonly, activation is achieved by expression of proteins from photosynthetic organisms, for example, microbial opsins (e.g., ChR2). Alternatively, a sister approach, synthetic optogenetics, enables photocontrol over proteins of mammal...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Carmi I,De Battista M,Maddalena L,Carroll EC,Kienzler MA,Berlin S

更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This protocol describes a method for the extraction of DNA from elephant ivory. These techniques are being used to assign geographic origin to poached ivory by comparing the ivory genotype to a geographic-based gene frequency map, developed separately. The method has three components: ivory pulverization, decalcificat...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Mailand C,Wasser SK

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An important goal of the analysis of sequenced genomes of microbial pathogens is to improve the therapy of infectious diseases. In this context, a major challenge is to detect genomic-level evolutionary changes that increase microbial virulence. TimeZone, a genome analysis software package, is designed to detect footp...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Chattopadhyay S,Paul S,Dykhuizen DE,Sokurenko EV

更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This protocol details a subset of assays developed within the touchscreen platform to measure various aspects of executive function in rodents. Three main procedures are included: extinction, measuring the rate and extent of curtailing a response that was previously, but is no longer, associated with reward; reversal ...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Mar AC,Horner AE,Nilsson SR,Alsiö J,Kent BA,Kim CH,Holmes A,Saksida LM,Bussey TJ

更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This protocol explains how to discover functional signals in genomic sequences by detecting over- or under-represented oligonucleotides (words) or spaced pairs thereof (dyads) with the Regulatory Sequence Analysis Tools (http://rsat.ulb.ac.be/rsat/). Two typical applications are presented: (i) predicting transcription...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Defrance M,Janky R,Sand O,van Helden J

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Using siRNAs to genetically manipulate immune cells is important to both basic immunological studies and therapeutic applications. However, siRNA delivery is challenging because primary immune cells are often sensitive to the delivery materials and generate immune responses. We have recently developed an amphiphilic d...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Chen J,Ellert-Miklaszewska A,Garofalo S,Dey AK,Tang J,Jiang Y,Clément F,Marche PN,Liu X,Kaminska B,Santoni A,Limatola C,Rossi JJ,Zhou J,Peng L

更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) allows the direct analysis of ordinary objects or pre-processed samples under ambient conditions. Among other applications, DESI is used to identify and record spatial distributions of lipids and drug molecules in biological tissue sections. This technique does not require sam...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Wiseman JM,Ifa DR,Venter A,Cooks RG

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:ErmineJ is software for the analysis of functionally interesting patterns in large gene lists drawn from gene expression profiling data or other high-throughput genomics studies. It can be used by biologists with no bioinformatics background to conduct sophisticated analyses of gene sets with multiple methods. It allo...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Gillis J,Mistry M,Pavlidis P

更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the version of this protocol originally published, the caption for Fig. 3 was erroneously placed with Fig. 4, and that for Fig. 4 was placed with Fig. 3. This error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the paper. ...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Cruz-Acuña R,Quirós M,Huang S,Siuda D,Spence JR,Nusrat A,García AJ

更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Forebrain γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons have crucial roles in high-order brain function via modulating network activities and plasticity, and they are implicated in many psychiatric disorders. Availability of enriched functional human forebrain GABA interneurons, especially those from people affected by GABA...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Liu Y,Liu H,Sauvey C,Yao L,Zarnowska ED,Zhang SC

更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This protocol describes the efficient, generally applicable Ullmann coupling reaction of bromaminic acid with alkyl- or aryl-amines in phosphate buffer under microwave irradiation using elemental copper as a catalyst. The reaction leads to a number of biologically active compounds. As a prototypical example, the synth...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Baqi Y,Müller CE

更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Postembryonic development is an important process of organismal maturation after embryonic growth. Despite key progress in recent years in understanding embryonic development via fluorescence time-lapse microscopy, comparatively less live-cell imaging of postembryonic development has been done. Here we describe a prot...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Chai Y,Li W,Feng G,Yang Y,Wang X,Ou G

更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Carbohydrate microarrays have received considerable attention as an advanced technology for the rapid analysis of carbohydrate-protein interactions. This protocol provides detailed procedures for the preparation of carbohydrate microarrays by immobilizing hydrazide-conjugated carbohydrates on epoxide-derivatized glass...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Park S,Lee MR,Shin I

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Photoconvertible fluorescent proteins, such as Kaede, can be switched irreversibly from their native color to a new one. This property can be exploited to visualize de novo mRNA translation, because newly synthesized proteins can be distinguished from preexisting ones by their color. In this protocol, Kaede cDNA linke...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Leung KM,Holt CE

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Discovery of biomarker patterns using proteomic techniques requires examination of large numbers of patient and control samples, followed by data mining of the molecular read-outs (e.g., mass spectra). Adequate signal processing and statistical analysis are critical for successful extraction of markers from these data...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Villanueva J,Philip J,DeNoyer L,Tempst P

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Metabolic labeling of glycans with a bioorthogonal chemical reporter such as the azide enables their visualization in cells and organisms as well as the enrichment of specific glycoprotein types for proteomic analysis. This process involves two steps. Azido sugars are fed to cells or organisms and integrated by the gl...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Laughlin ST,Bertozzi CR

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:RNase H-dependent PCR-enabled T-cell receptor sequencing (rhTCRseq) can be used to determine paired alpha/beta T-cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes in single cells or perform alpha and beta TCR repertoire analysis in bulk RNA samples. With the enhanced specificity of RNase H-dependent PCR (rhPCR), it achieves TCR-specific...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Li S,Sun J,Allesøe R,Datta K,Bao Y,Oliveira G,Forman J,Jin R,Olsen LR,Keskin DB,Shukla SA,Wu CJ,Livak KJ

更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The colorimetric bio-barcode assay is a red-to-blue color change-based protein detection method with ultrahigh sensitivity. This assay is based on both the bio-barcode amplification method that allows for detecting miniscule amount of targets with attomolar sensitivity and gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric DNA dete...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Nam JM,Jang KJ,Groves JT

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although lung transplant is a life-saving therapy for some patients, primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity soon after a transplant. Ischemia reperfusion injury is known to be one of the most critical factors in PGD development. PGD is by definition an acute lung injury syndrome ...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Mariscal A,Caldarone L,Tikkanen J,Nakajima D,Chen M,Yeung J,Cypel M,Liu M,Keshavjee S

更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Genetically encoded fluorescent proteins (FPs) are highly utilized in cell biology research to study proteins of interest or signal processes using biosensors. To perform well in specific applications, these FPs require a multitude of tailored properties. It is for this reason that they need to be optimized by using m...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Bindels DS,Postma M,Haarbosch L,van Weeren L,Gadella TWJ Jr

更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In cell affinity chromatography, type-specific cell separation is based on the interaction between cell-surface receptors and an immobilized ligand on a stationary matrix. This protocol describes the preparation of monolithic polyacrylamide and polydimethylacrylamide cryogel affinity matrices that can be used as a gen...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Kumar A,Srivastava A

更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has become the preferred tool for the analysis of protein phosphorylation. To be successful at such an endeavor, there is a requirement for an efficient enrichment of phosphopeptides. This is necessary because of the substoichiometric nature of phosphorylation at a given site an...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Zhou H,Ye M,Dong J,Corradini E,Cristobal A,Heck AJ,Zou H,Mohammed S

更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The unprecedented increase in the throughput of DNA sequencing driven by next-generation technologies now allows efficient analysis of the complete protein-coding regions of genomes (exomes) for multiple samples in a single sequencing run. However, sample preparation and targeted enrichment of multiple samples has bec...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Harakalova M,Mokry M,Hrdlickova B,Renkens I,Duran K,van Roekel H,Lansu N,van Roosmalen M,de Bruijn E,Nijman IJ,Kloosterman WP,Cuppen E

更新日期：2011-11-03 00:00:00

abstract：:The research community is in a race to understand the molecular mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, to repurpose currently available antiviral drugs and to develop new therapies and vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). One major challenge in achieving ...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Gurumurthy CB,Quadros RM,Richardson GP,Poluektova LY,Mansour SL,Ohtsuka M

更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a protein modifier that is post-translationally coupled to thousands of lysines in more than a thousand proteins. An understanding of which lysines are modified by SUMO is critical in unraveling its function as a master regulator of all nuclear processes, as well as its invo...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Hendriks IA,Vertegaal AC

更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a critical member of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by immune cells to fight infections. On the other hand, HOCl in homeostasis causes oxidative damage to biomolecules and is linked to many diseases, including inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases. Herein,...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Zhu H,Zhang Z,Long S,Du J,Fan J,Peng X

更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Isolated protoplasts serve as a transient expression system that is highly representative of stable transgenics in terms of transcriptome responses. They can also be used as a cellular system to study gene transactivation and nucleocytoplasmic protein trafficking. They are particularly useful for systems studies in wh...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Lin YC,Li W,Chen H,Li Q,Sun YH,Shi R,Lin CY,Wang JP,Chen HC,Chuang L,Qu GZ,Sederoff RR,Chiang VL

更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neurons in cortical sensory regions receive modality-specific information through synapses that are located on their dendrites. Recently, the use of two-photon microscopy combined with whole-cell recordings has helped to identify visually evoked dendritic calcium signals in mouse visual cortical neurons in vivo. The c...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Jia H,Rochefort NL,Chen X,Konnerth A

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A protocol for ester condensation between equimolar amounts of carboxylic acids and alcohols catalyzed by bulky diarylammonium pentafluorobenzenesulfonate is described. We also present procedures for the synthesis of N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-N-mesitylammonium pentafluorobenzenesulfonate. The present ester condensatio...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Sakakura A,Nakagawa S,Ishihara K

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The increasing multi-resistance of pathogenic bacteria requires the development of novel classes of antibiotics. Antimicrobial host defense peptides represent one promising class. Here we describe a protocol for screening large numbers of peptides against any microbe of interest. Peptides synthesized on a cellulose su...

journal_title：Nature protocols

authors： Hilpert K,Hancock RE

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00