Abstract:
:This protocol explains how to discover functional signals in genomic sequences by detecting over- or under-represented oligonucleotides (words) or spaced pairs thereof (dyads) with the Regulatory Sequence Analysis Tools (http://rsat.ulb.ac.be/rsat/). Two typical applications are presented: (i) predicting transcription factor-binding motifs in promoters of coregulated genes and (ii) discovering phylogenetic footprints in promoters of orthologous genes. The steps of this protocol include purging genomic sequences to discard redundant fragments, discovering over-represented patterns and assembling them to obtain degenerate motifs, scanning sequences and drawing feature maps. The main strength of the method is its statistical ground: the binomial significance provides an efficient control on the rate of false positives. In contrast with optimization-based pattern discovery algorithms, the method supports the detection of under- as well as over-represented motifs. Computation times vary from seconds (gene clusters) to minutes (whole genomes). The execution of the whole protocol should take approximately 1 h.
journal_name
Nat Protocjournal_title
Nature protocolsauthors
Defrance M,Janky R,Sand O,van Helden Jdoi
10.1038/nprot.2008.98subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-01-01 00:00:00pages
1589-603issue
10eissn
1754-2189issn
1750-2799pii
nprot.2008.98journal_volume
3pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
Nature Protocols文献大全abstract::The ability to rapidly generate large panels of antigen-specific human antibodies in a rodent would enable the efficient discovery of novel therapeutically useful antibodies. We have developed a system wherein human antigen-specific antibody-secreting plasmablasts can be enriched in vivo, in a severe combined immunode...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2014.104
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rapid evaluation of microbial cell-surface carbohydrates is essential to understanding the mechanisms by which bacteria use glycans to establish pathogenic or symbiotic relationships. Microbial glycan analysis is complicated both by the vast diversity of possible carbohydrate structures and by their dynamic nature. Ba...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.76
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cap-analysis gene expression (CAGE) provides accurate high-throughput measurement of RNA expression. CAGE allows mapping of all the initiation sites of both capped coding and noncoding RNAs. In addition, transcriptional start sites within promoters are characterized at single-nucleotide resolution. The latter allows t...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2012.005
更新日期:2012-02-23 00:00:00
abstract::In this protocol, we describe the preparation of nanoscale iron oxide-based materials and their use in the catalysis of different hydrogenation reactions. Pyrolysis of a Fe(OAc)2-phenanthroline complex on carbon at 800 °C under argon atmosphere results in the formation of nanoscale Fe2O3 particles surrounded by nitrog...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2015.025
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::This protocol describes a method combining phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and optical tweezers to characterize the germination of single bacterial spores. The characterization consists of the following steps: (i) loading heat-activated dormant spores into a temperature-controlled micros...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2011.307
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The partial reduction of electron-deficient pyrroles using either Birch (Li/NH(3)) or ammonia-free (Li/di-tert-butyl biphenyl) conditions allows formation of pyrroline compounds in good yield and, when combined with a reductive alkylation or similar approach, leads to highly functionalized, synthetically useful compou...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.245
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ex vivo perfusion systems offer a reliable, reproducible method for studying acute physiological responses of an organ to various environmental manipulations. Unlike in vitro culture systems, the cellular organization, compartmentalization and three-dimensional structure of ex vivo-perfused organs are maintained. Thes...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2012.144
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This protocol describes a simple silver staining method used to visualize DNA fragments and other organic molecules with unsurpassed detail following traditional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Sensitivity rivals radioisotopic methods and DNA in the picogram range can be reliably detected. The described pro...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.330
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Conventional gene expression studies analyze multiple cells simultaneously or single cells, for which the exact in vivo or in situ position is unknown. Although cellular heterogeneity can be discerned when analyzing single cells, any spatially defined attributes that underpin the heterogeneous nature of the cells cann...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2017.003
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A major challenge in the analysis of gene expression microarray data is to extract meaningful biological knowledge out of the huge volume of raw data. Expander (EXPression ANalyzer and DisplayER) is an integrated software platform for the analysis of gene expression data, which is freely available for academic use. It...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.230
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Periodontal disease (PD) is a common dental disease associated with the interaction between dysbiotic oral microbiota and host immunity. It is a prevalent disease, resulting in loss of gingival tissue, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone. PD is a major form of tooth loss in the adult population. Experimen...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41596-018-0035-4
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::During biosynthesis on the ribosome, an elongating nascent polypeptide chain can begin to fold, in a process that is central to all living systems. Detailed structural studies of co-translational protein folding are now beginning to emerge; such studies were previously limited, at least in part, by the inherently dyna...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2016.101
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::This protocol describes the efficient, generally applicable Ullmann coupling reaction of bromaminic acid with alkyl- or aryl-amines in phosphate buffer under microwave irradiation using elemental copper as a catalyst. The reaction leads to a number of biologically active compounds. As a prototypical example, the synth...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2010.63
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) have the ability to transfer electrons to electron acceptors located outside the cell, and they are widely present in diverse environments. In spite of their important roles in geochemical cycles, environmental remediation and electricity generation, so far, only a limited numbe...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2013.173
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Generation of precisely patterned neural cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is instrumental in developing disease models and stem cell therapies. Here, we provide a detailed 16-d protocol for obtaining high-purity ventral midbrain (VM) dopamine (DA) progenitors for intracerebral transplantation into anima...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2017.078
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Efforts to cure HIV are hampered by limited characterization of the cells supporting HIV replication in vivo and inadequate methods for quantifying the latent viral reservoir in individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). We describe a protocol for flow cytometric identification of viral reservoirs, based on c...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2017.079
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Metabolic labeling of glycans with a bioorthogonal chemical reporter such as the azide enables their visualization in cells and organisms as well as the enrichment of specific glycoprotein types for proteomic analysis. This process involves two steps. Azido sugars are fed to cells or organisms and integrated by the gl...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.422
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This protocol describes how to purify and radiolabel collagen for use as a substrate to assay collagenolytic members of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This assay measures enzymes that specifically cleave native triple helical collagen. After incubation of the MMP enzyme with the collagen substrate at 37 degrees...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2008.244
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Social recognition (SR) enables rodents to distinguish between familiar and novel conspecifics, largely through individual odor cues. SR tasks utilize the tendency for a male to sniff and interact with a novel individual more than a familiar individual. Many paradigms have been used to study the roles of the neuropept...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.141
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glycoproteins are involved in diverse biological processes ranging from extracellular contact and recognition to intracellular signaling. Crystal structures of glycoproteins would yield tremendous insight into these processes. But glycoprotein structural analysis has been hindered by difficulties in expressing milligr...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.29
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chromatin and transcriptional processes are among the most intensively studied fields of biology today. The introduction of chromatin immunoprecipitations (ChIP) represents a major advancement in this area. This powerful method allows researchers to probe specific protein-DNA interactions in vivo and to estimate the d...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.27
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::With the advent of massively parallel sequencing, considerable work has gone into adapting chromosome conformation capture (3C) techniques to study chromosomal architecture at a genome-wide scale. We recently demonstrated that the inactive murine X chromosome adopts a bipartite structure using a novel 3C protocol, ter...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2016.126
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::AMPylation (adenylylation) has been recognized as an important post-translational modification that is used by pathogens to regulate host cellular proteins and their associated signaling pathways. AMPylation has potential functions in various cellular processes, and it is widely conserved across both prokaryotes and e...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2015.044
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay is a powerful tool for visualizing and identifying protein interactions in living cells. This assay is based on the principle of protein-fragment complementation, using two nonfluorescent fragments derived from fluorescent proteins. When two fragments are broug...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2008.16
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pseudo-afferent cervical lymph-duct cannulation in a sheep model allows large amounts of lymph cells to be collected under physiological conditions, carrying immune signaling information from the head tissues, including oro-nasal mucosae. Importantly, large quantities of dendritic cells (DCs) of several subtypes are o...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.147
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Iterative saturation mutagenesis (ISM) is a new and efficient method for the directed evolution of functional enzymes. It reduces the necessary molecular biological work and the screening effort drastically. It is based on a Cartesian view of the protein structure, performing iterative cycles of saturation mutagenesis...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.72
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Realizing the potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in research and commercial applications requires generic protocols for culture, expansion and genetic modification that function between multiple lines. Here we describe a feeder-free hESC culture protocol that was tested in 13 independent hESC lines derive...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2008.140
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::PatternLab for proteomics is an integrated computational environment that unifies several previously published modules for the analysis of shotgun proteomic data. The contained modules allow for formatting of sequence databases, peptide spectrum matching, statistical filtering and data organization, extracting quantit...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2015.133
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gene tagging with fluorescent proteins is essential for investigations of the dynamic properties of cellular proteins. CRISPR-Cas9 technology is a powerful tool for inserting fluorescent markers into all alleles of the gene of interest (GOI) and allows functionality and physiological expression of the fusion protein. ...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2018.042
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::RNA interference (RNAi) is an efficient method for silencing genes in cultured cells. Here we describe a simple RNAi approach for silencing genes in a cell type-specific and tissue-specific way in vivo. The approach, which mimics the means by which naturally occurring 'microRNA's are generated, uses a tissue-specific ...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.260
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00