Abstract：
:The peak in incidence for schizophrenia is during late adolescence for both sexes, but within this time frame the peak is both earlier and steeper for males. Additionally, women have a second peak in incidence following menopause. Two meta-analyses have reported that men have an overall ∼40% greater chance of developing schizophrenia than do women (Aleman et al., 2003; McGrath et al., 2004). These and other findings have led to the suggestion that ovarian hormones may be protective against schizophrenia. Less explored is the potential role of testosterone in schizophrenia, although disruptions in steroid levels have also been reported in men with the illness. The relationship between increased gonadal hormone release per se and peri-adolescent vulnerability for psychiatric illness is difficult to tease apart from other potentially contributory factors in clinical studies, as adolescence is a turbulent period characterized by many social and biological changes. Despite the obvious opportunity provided by animal research, surprisingly little basic science effort has been devoted to this important issue. On the other hand, the animal work offers an understanding of the many ways in which gonadal steroids exert a powerful impact on the brain, both shaping its development and modifying its function during adulthood. Recently, investigators using preclinical models have described a greater male vulnerability to neurodevelopmental insults that are associated with schizophrenia; such studies may provide clinically relevant insights into the role of gonadal steroids in psychiatric illness.
journal_name
Rev Endocr Metab Disordjournal_title
Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disordersauthors
Markham JAdoi
10.1007/s11154-011-9184-2subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-09-01 00:00:00pages
187-207issue
3eissn
1389-9155issn
1573-2606journal_volume
13pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The incidence of both type 2 and type 1 diabetes mellitus has been increasing worldwide. Vitamin D deficiency, or the awareness of its prevalence, has also been increasing. Vitamin D may have a role in the pathogenic mechanisms predisposing to type 2 diabetes by modulating insulin resistance and/or pancreatic β-cell f...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-016-9403-y
更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Prediabetes is a heterogeneous term that encompasses different origins of insulin resistance and insulin secretion that contribute to distinct patterns of hyperglycemia. In fact, prediabetes is an umbrella term that characterizes individuals at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and/or cardiovascular disea...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-016-9352-5
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channel is composed of two subunits SUR1 and Kir6.2. The channel is key for glucose stimulated insulin release from the pancreatic beta cell. Activating mutations have been identified in the genes encoding these subunits, ABCC8 and KCNJ11, and account for approximately 40% of perma...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-010-9149-x
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the last 10 years, several studies have shown that the pancreas of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), and even of subjects at risk for T1D, was smaller than the pancreas from healthy subjects. This arose the question of the relationships between the endocrine and exocrine parts of the pancreas in T1D pathogenesis...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-019-09501-3
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This paper provides evidence that primary aldosteronism is likely much less common than is believed by the other authors of this collection. The basis for this contrarian view is simple: there is no way to know the true prevalence of PA because of the uncertain validity of all of the diagnostic procedures used to find...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-011-9160-x
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glucokinase is a key enzyme involved in regulating insulin secretion from the pancreatic ß-cell. The unique role of glucokinase in human glucose physiology is illustrated by the fact that genetic mutations in glucokinase can either cause hyperglycaemia or hypoglycaemia. Heterozygous inactivating mutations in glucokina...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-010-9147-z
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Management of patients with ACTH producing pituitary adenoma remains to be challenging. Removal of the pituitary adenoma through transsphenoidal surgery is the main stay of treatment. Complete resection of the adenoma is followed by the development of ACTH deficiency since the normal corticotrophs are suppressed by th...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-010-9140-6
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Weight gain at the outset of prolactinomas in many women is well documented. Yet, this symptom is absent from the clinical descriptions of the disease in textbooks and reviews. This omission is almost certainly due to the absence of a physiological explanation for the phenomenon, as prolactin is not a recognized fat p...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-019-09503-1
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Incretin hormones are intestinally derived peptides that are known to augment glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and suppress glucagon levels. Incretin mimetics are attractive adjunctive therapy for type 2 diabetes due to its efficacy on reducing hyperglycemia with a minimal risk of hypoglycemia. In contrast to most...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-011-9170-8
更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Adiponectin is among the most studied adipokines, the collection of molecules secreted from adipose tissue. It is also one of the most architecturally complex adipokines with its various oligomeric states that include trimers, hexamers, nonamers (9mers), dodecamers (12mers), and octadecamers (18mers). The importance o...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-013-9256-6
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Impulsivity and compulsivity are multidimensional constructs that are increasingly considered determinants of obesity. Studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have provided insight on how differences in brain response during tasks exploring facets of impulsivity and compulsivity relate to the ingest...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-019-09515-x
更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Celiac disease is a chronic enteropathy caused by permanent intolerance to gluten and similar proteins found in wheat, barley and rye. The intestinal mucosa of susceptible individuals is crossed by undigested gluten, which leads to a marked inflammatory response. The clinical features may vary from overt intestinal sy...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-007-9069-6
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Endothelial dysfunction associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease is characterized by changes in vasoregulation, enhanced generation of reactive oxygen intermediates, inflammatory activation, and altered barrier function. These endothelial alterations contribute to excess cardiovascular disease in diabetes, ...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-013-9239-7
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders characterized by androgen excess, oligo-ovulation and polycystic ovaries. Although ovaries are the main source of increased androgens in the syndrome, between 20 and 30% of patients with PCOS have adrenal androgen (AA) excess, detectable pr...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-007-9054-0
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The 13th Acromegaly Consensus Conference was held in November 2019 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and comprised acromegaly experts including endocrinologists and neurosurgeons who considered optimal approaches for multidisciplinary acromegaly management. Focused discussions reviewed techniques, results, and side effects...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-020-09588-z
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The last decade has been characterized by an intense research on the composition of the gut microbiome and the links with human health. While previous work was focused on the effects of prebiotics and probiotics, nowadays several laboratories are describing the gut microbiome and its metabolic functions. Gut microbiom...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-019-09533-9
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The adipose tissue (AT) is multifunctional, acting as an endocrine tissue and participating in the regulation of the organism's homeostasis. Metabolic, endocrine and inflammatory mechanisms are tightly intertwined within the AT, regulating its function. Disruption of the equilibrium among these mechanisms leads to pat...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-016-9342-7
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite their critical role in susceptibility to metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, mechanisms regulating energy balance are extremely complex and far from being fully understood. Both central and peripheral feedback circuits are involved and, despite it was traditionally thought that the energy b...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-020-09565-6
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:From the age of 2 years, an American child is more likely to consume a sugar-sweetened product than a fruit or vegetable on any given day-a troubling statistic, given that food preferences are established early in childhood, as well as the strong association between this dietary pattern and increased risk of developin...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-016-9360-5
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An emerging branch of research is examining the linkage between Vitamin D and nonskeletal disorders, including endocrine diseases. In this regard, a still little studied aspect concerns the involvement of vitamin D in adrenal gland disorders. Adrenal gland disorders, which might be theoretically affected by vitamin D ...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-016-9391-y
更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The skeletal muscle is one of the major target organs of insulin and plays an essential role in insulin-induced glucose uptake. Some evidence indicates that insulin delivery to skeletal muscle interstitium through the endothelial cells is the rate-limiting step in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Researchers have al...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-013-9242-z
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lifestyle changes such as dietary habits, sedentary life and consumption of energy-dense foods that have occurred over the years has led to an epidemic of abdominal obesity, which in turn resulted in dramatic increase in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Different expert panels have provided various definit...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-013-9268-2
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among children and adolescents worldwide. The high rates of vitamin D deficiency during childhood are of major public health relevance, given the growing evidence that vitamin D deficiency may play a key role in the pathophysiology of many chronic diseases beyond rickets, inclu...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-007-9072-y
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The term "HCV syndrome" encompasses several organ- and systemic pathophysiological states, which often recognize autoimmunity or neoplastic evolution in their pathophysiology, as well as chronic HCV infection as trigger. The clinical features of HCV patients are heterogenous, and may include endocrine or metabolic dis...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-018-9475-y
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Myo-inositol (Myo-Ins) plays an important role in thyroid function and autoimmunity. Myo-Ins is the precursor for the synthesis of phosphoinositides, which takes part in the phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) signal transduction pathway, and plays a decisive role in several cellular processes. In the thyroid cells, PtdIns ...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-018-9477-9
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The carcinoid as originally described is part of the relatively large family of neuroendocrine neoplasia found in almost every organ. Historical reasons back their current definitions. Neuroendocrine cancer is most frequently observed in the lung and the digestive tract. In the lung is defined as carcinoid (typical an...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-017-9428-x
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) has been linked to later development of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Human studies indicate that individuals who were growth retarded at birth have impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance. Multiple animal models of IUGR demonstrate impaired beta-cell function and devel...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-007-9045-1
更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Abdominal obesity and elevated blood pressure commonly occur in the same patient and are key components of the metabolic syndrome. However, the association between obesity and increased blood pressure is variable. We review mechanisms linking cardiovascular and metabolic disease in such patients including altered syst...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-016-9348-1
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is widely acknowledged that compliance and persistence with oral osteoporosis medications, particularly with bisphosphonates, is poor. Several excellent reviews have been written on compliance and persistence with osteoporosis medications and have discussed improvements seen with extended dosing intervals. This rev...
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-010-9138-0
更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis is the most common of the endocrine lines/axis' to be affected by HIV infection. There are multiple factors that contribute to this HPA axis dysregulation. Direct invasion of the various organs in the axis can be either by opportunistic infections or infiltrative diseases....
journal_title：Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11154-013-9244-x
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
