Abstract:
:Fertile offspring from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is the goal of most cloning laboratories. For this process to be successful, a number of events must occur correctly. First the donor nucleus must be in a state that is amenable to remodeling and subsequent genomic reprogramming. The nucleus must be introduced into an oocyte cytoplasm that is capable of facilitating the nuclear remodeling. The oocyte must then be adequately stimulated to initiate development. Finally the resulting embryo must be cultured in an environment that is compatible with the development of that particular embryo. Much has been learned about the incredible changes that occur to a nucleus after it is placed in the cytoplasm of an oocyte. While we think that we are gaining an understanding of the reorganization that occurs to proteins in the donor nucleus, the process of cloning is still very inefficient. Below we will introduce the procedures for SCNT, discuss nuclear remodeling and reprogramming, and review techniques that may improve reprogramming. Finally we will briefly touch on other aspects of SCNT that may improve the development of cloned embryos.
journal_name
Mol Reprod Devjournal_title
Molecular reproduction and developmentauthors
Whitworth KM,Prather RSdoi
10.1002/mrd.21242subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-12-01 00:00:00pages
1001-15issue
12eissn
1040-452Xissn
1098-2795journal_volume
77pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Implantation is a complex process that requires the interaction of the blastocyst, and subsequently, that of the developing embryos with the endometrium. Several growth factors and cytokines are involved in implantation, but the details of their actions as related to the regulation of blastocyst implantation remain un...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199805)50:1<54::AID-MRD7>3
更新日期:1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sry expression is essential for initiating male sex differentiation, and the expression occurs only during a restricted period in the developing gonad. It is thought that Sry is part of a pathway of genes that regulate sex determination. Although the interactions of several genes with Sry expression have been suggeste...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.10278
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Members of the Binder of SPerm (BSP) superfamily have been identified in both human and mouse epididymis. These proteins are known to bind sperm membrane and promote sperm capacitation. Studies suggest that BSPH2 might play a different role in sperm functions from its counterparts; however, the role of BSPH2 remains m...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.23039
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Copulation produces different stimuli in the female reproductive tract in camelids, which lead to ovulation. Expression of β-nerve growth factor (β-NGF) and its specific receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrKA), was studied comparing the oviductal microenvironment of mated and nonmated llamas. β-NGF and TrKA wer...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.23426
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prolactin-like protein C (PLP-C) is a major rat placental protein which is expressed during the second half of pregnancy and belongs to the growth hormone-prolactin family. Here we report on the isolation of overlapping rat placental cDNAs which specify a transcript of 915 base pairs and predict a 205-amino acid trans...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.1080410207
更新日期:1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Src family kinase (SFK) is important in normal cell cycle control. However, its role in meiotic maturation in mammalian has not been examined. We used confocal microscope immunofluorescence to examine the in vitro dynamics of the subcellular distribution of SFK during the mouse oocyte meiotic maturation and furthe...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.20613
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is an important assisted reproductive technology (ART). Due to deployment difficulties and low efficiency of the earlier (conventional) version of ICSI, especially in the mouse, a piezo-assisted ICSI technique had evolved as a popular ART methodology in recent years. An importan...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.20919
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The distribution of microtubules was studied during fertilization of the rabbit oocyte by immunofluorescence microscopy after staining with an anti-alpha-tubulin antibody. In ovulated oocytes, microtubules were found exclusively in the meiotic spindle. At fertilization, the paternal centrosome generated sperm astral m...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.1080320313
更新日期:1992-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Zona pellucida thickness was measured daily in zygotes and cleavage stage embryos. Measurements were performed on a Nikon inverted microscope equipped with Hoffman modulation optics, using an ocular micrometer. Zona thickness of each zygote/embryo was measured four times, the zygote/embryo was then "rolled over," and ...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199705)47:1<99::AID-MRD13>
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Abattoir-derived oocytes were exposed to a concentrated cryoprotectant solution (DAP213: 2 M DMSO, 1 M acetamide, 3 M propanediol, and 10% FCS in TCM199) for 1.5 or 5 min at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage or after maturation in vitro (IVM). Their viability was assessed by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and culture (IVC...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.1080400206
更新日期:1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) and p300 are two structurally related transcriptional co-activators that activate expression of many eukaryotic genes. Current dogma would suggest that these transcriptional co-activators have similar mechanisms of transcription regulation. Studies of ...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.20440
更新日期:2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Derivation and stable maintenance of porcine induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) is challenging. We herein systematically analyzed two piPSC lines, derived by lentiviral transduction and cultured under either leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) or fibroblast growth factor (FGF) conditions, to shed more light on the u...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.22771
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mouse oocyte maturation inhibitory factors, on the basis of inhibitory activity of spontaneous germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) of denuded mouse oocytes in culture, were extracted and partially purified by reversed-phase resin adsorption and Sephadex G-100 and G-50 column chromatographies from the urine of pregnant w...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.1080340116
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulates folliculogenesis in the ovary and spermatogenesis in the testis via specific, high affinity membrane-bound receptors (FSHR). To assess the role of FSHR gene expression in regulating expression of FSHR protein in the plasma membrane, the effects of a porcine FSHR cDNA antise...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.10310
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) oocytes were incubated for 3 hr in ovarian fluid alone (CC), or cortisol-enriched ovarian fluid [100 or 1,000 ng ml(-1) (CL and CH, respectively)], after which they were fertilized; the growth and development of the embryos reared from these oocytes was monitored until first feed, a...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.21239
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nucleolar fine structure, "blebbing" activity of nuclear envelope, and activation of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) synthesis were studied in bovine reconstructed embryos obtained by electrofusion of a single eight-cell blastomere with an enucleated oocyte. Developmental progress of nucleolar fine structure and hnR...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.1080290204
更新日期:1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sperm must undergo capacitation to become fertilization competent. Here we validated that monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1 ) localization patterns, which were assessed in the Cap-Score™ Sperm Function Test, reflect a capacitated state in human sperm. First, we defined patterns representing sperm that do or do not...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.22801
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Biochemical and immunoelectron microscopic methods have been used to analyze the distribution of actin in boar spermatozoa and its state of aggregation before and after acrosome reaction. F-actin was detected on sperm head and tail by electron microscopy using an improved phalloidin probe: incubation with a fluorescei...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.1080330114
更新日期:1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cumulus cells that surround the mammalian oocyte become dispersed following the preovulatory surge of the pituitary gonadotropin, luteinizing hormone (LH). We have examined cumulus-oocyte complexes of PMSG-primed immature rats before and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 hr after injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (h...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.1080280313
更新日期:1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::An in vitro superfusion method was used to test sex hormone release from different kinds of ovarian follicle (growing follicles, postovulatory follicles, and atretic follicles) in the lizard Podarcis sicula sicula. Sex hormone output changes with the stage of follicle evolution and sexual cycle. Previtellogenetic foll...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.1080350307
更新日期:1993-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acrosomal reaction is an essential prerequisite to fertilization. The changes in lipid composition of sperm membranes cause fusion of the plasma and outer acrosomal membranes that results in the exocytosis of acrosomal contents. We report that both bull and rabbit spermatozoa contain a phosphatidylcholine-specific pho...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.1080330308
更新日期:1992-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hexokinase is the first enzyme in the glycolytic pathway and utilizes ATP to convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). We previously identified three variant transcripts of Hk1 that are expressed specifically in spermatogenic cells, have different 5' untranslated regions, and encode a protein (HK1S, spermatogenic ...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.20791
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have examined the developmental pattern of prolactin receptor expression in the mouse by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and radioligand binding and have found two unexpected aspects of temporal regulation. First, high levels of prolactin receptor mRNA were detected in mouse ...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199709)48:1<45::AID-MRD6>3
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pannexins (Panxs) are channel-forming proteins that have homology to the invertebrate gap junction proteins, the innexins. These proteins form membrane channels implicated in ATP release. To evaluate the role of Panxs in the male reproductive tract, we investigated the distribution and regulation of Panx1 and 3 in the...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.21280
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::DNA methylation/demethylation of donor genomes in recipient ooplasm after nuclear transfer occurs in a species-specific way. In cloned rabbit and bovine embryos, repetitive sequences maintain the donor-type methylation status, but typical demethylation of repetitive sequences takes place in cloned porcine embryos. To ...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.20421
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have previously described a hamster sperm glycoprotein, P26h, which is implicated in the cascade of events occurring during the interaction between mature spermatozoa and the oocyte's zona pellucida. The P26h is acquired on the acrosomal cap of the spermatozoon during its maturation arising within the epididymis. L...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.1050
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The lack of a paternal genome in parthenogenetic embryos clearly limits their postimplantation development, but apparently not their preimplantation development, since morphologically normal blastocysts can be formed. The cleavage rate of these embryos during the preimplantation period gives a better indication of the...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.1080310406
更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sperm-mediated gene transfer in vertebrates has undergone various developments over the last few years, in different laboratories. In the present study, we microinjected a circular plasmid, carrying the lacZ reporter gene mixed with noncommercial cationic lipids, into the seminiferous tubules of anesthetized adult mic...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.10143
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Estrogen receptor mRNA expression was detected in the head and tail parts of the human epididymis by means of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Immunocytochemical labelling showed that ciliate and nonciliate cells from the epithelium of the efferent ductules possessed strong to moderate nuclear...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199708)47:4<448::AID-MRD12
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A quantitative primer extension method was used to measure the mass of histone gene transcripts in mature oocytes of the amphibian Xenopus laevis. The procedure, using a large excess of gene-specific oligonucleotide primer and continuous incorporation of a radiolabeled deoxynucleoside triphosphate precursor, is more s...
journal_title:Molecular reproduction and development
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/mrd.1080250105
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00