Abstract:
:Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder that affects about 1.1% of the adult US population annually. Hallucinations, delusions, and impaired reality testing are prominent symptoms of the disorder. Modeling these symptoms is difficult because it is unclear how to assess impaired reality testing in animals. Animals cannot discuss their beliefs; however, a century of learning experiments has shown us that they, like us, construct complex internal representations of their world. Presumably, these representations can become confused with reality for animals in much the same way that they do for schizophrenic patients. Indeed, there is evidence from studies of Pavlovian conditioning that this happens even in normal animals. For example, early in training a cue that has been paired with reward elicits a highly realistic, sensory representation of that reward, which is to some extent indistinguishable from reality. With further training, this sensory hallucination of reward is replaced by a more abstract representation, termed a reward expectancy. Reward expectancies reflect the sensory and other qualities of the impending reward but are distinguishable from the actual reward. Notably, the hallucinatory representations depend on subcortical regions, such as amygdala, whereas reward expectancies require the progressive involvement of prefrontal areas, such as orbitofrontal cortex. Abnormal prefrontal function is associated with schizophrenia; impaired reality testing may result from a failure of the normal shift from highly realistic, sensory representations to more abstract, prefrontal expectancies. The Pavlovian procedures discussed here could be applied to animal models and schizophrenic patients to test this hypothesis.
journal_name
Schizophr Bulljournal_title
Schizophrenia bulletinauthors
McDannald M,Schoenbaum Gdoi
10.1093/schbul/sbp050subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-07-01 00:00:00pages
664-7issue
4eissn
0586-7614issn
1745-1701pii
sbp050journal_volume
35pub_type
杂志文章abstract::This article combines a review and meta-analysis of research on IQ in schizophrenia, with emphasis on areas of convergence in the findings, as well as questions that remain to be answered. Taken together, the findings suggest that early-onset and adult-onset schizophrenia are associated with intellectual deficits acro...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/schbul/10.3.430
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Medical geology is the application of trace element geography to epidemiology. This approach is used to compare the geographic distribution of selenium and other trace elements in soil and food with that of high schizophrenia rates in the United States and other countries. Since the comparison is most statistically si...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/20.2.387
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study examined the relation between maternal prepregnant body mass index (BMI) and development of schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders in adult offspring from the Prenatal Determinants of Schizophrenia Study. The study drew on a previously studied cohort of births occurring between 1959 and 1967 to ...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033452
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The study of sexual dimorphism in brain morphology may help delineate subtypes of schizophrenia based, in part, on sex; yield insight into the relationship between brain structure and behavior; and provide a neurodevelopmental context for studying the ontogenesis of schizophrenia. Preliminary findings from an ongoing ...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/16.2.195
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of negative cognition and effect in maintaining psychotic symptoms is increasingly recognized but has yet to be substantiated though longitudinal analysis. Based on an a priori theoretical model, we hypothesized that negative cognition and depressed mood play a direct causal role in maintaining paranoia in pe...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr019
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The traditional view of life events is that the crucial factor is the number which occur within a defined time period. This was examined as part of a 2-year, prospective, longitudinal study of prospective, longitudinal study of 518 people, each of whom was interviewed every 6 months with Holmes and Rahe's Recent LIfe ...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/7.1.34
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to assess how neurocognition and social cognition were associated with initial functional level and with rates of functional change in intensive community-based psychosocial rehabilitation interventions that have been shown to yield significant functional change for individuals diagnosed ...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl072
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The prodrome of psychosis has become a target for early identification and for treatments that address both symptoms and risk for future psychosis. Interest and activity in this realm is now worldwide. Clinical trials with rigorous methodology have only just begun, making treatment guidelines premature. Despite the sp...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm025
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sustained attention abnormality in schizophrenia is usually refractory to available treatment. Nicotine can transiently improve sustained attention in schizophrenia patients, although its neural mechanisms are unknown. Understanding the neural basis of this effect may lead to new treatment strategies for this cognitiv...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp089
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Randomized controlled trials for antipsychotic drugs have a variety of design features suited to diverse purposes. Efficacy (or explanatory) trials seek to establish if a drug can reduce psychotic symptoms under ideal circumstances. To isolate drug effects, researchers enroll carefully selected patients. Specialized r...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm156
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is usually presented in a static, rather than dynamic fashion. We propose that increased dopaminergic activity may represent a stage of a dynamic schizophrenic process rather than its cause. Dopamine, as well as other neurotransmitters, responds in an adaptive fashion to stimul...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/9.3.325
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In subjects at risk for psychosis, the studies on gray matter volume (GMV) predominantly reported volume loss compared with healthy controls (CON). However, other important morphological measurements such as cortical surface area (CSA) and cortical thickness (CT) were not systematically compared. So far, samples mostl...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa066
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::North American outcome studies of schizophrenia conducted within the past quarter century are reviewed if their minimum average followup is 10 years and they meet at least some modern design criteria. Ten such investigations are described and summarized. Taken as a whole, they demonstrate that schizophrenia can be a c...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/schbul/14.4.515
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A selective review of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia is an appropriate article to result from the festschrift honoring William T. Carpenter Jr, as he has made substantial contributions in this area. This review assesses progress in 3 areas in which he has been an important investigator: the distinction between...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type:
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt158
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::One neuropathological feature of schizophrenia is a diminished number of dendritic spines in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) system is involved in the plasticity of dendritic spines, and chronic stress decreases dendritic spine densities in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Here, we...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sby029
更新日期:2019-03-07 00:00:00
abstract::Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating mental disease caused by complex genetic and environmental factors. The pathological process and clinical manifestation of SZ are heterogeneous among patients, which hampers precise diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Since no objective marker for SZ has been established today, ...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx150
更新日期:2018-06-06 00:00:00
abstract::Childhood trauma (CT) has been identified as a potential risk factor for the onset of psychotic disorders. However, to date, there is limited consensus with respect to which symptoms may ensue after exposure to trauma in early life, and whether specific pathways may account for these associations. The aim of the prese...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw055
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The goals of the project Social Cognition and Functioning in Schizophrenia (SCAF) were to (1) identify the domains to target from social neuroscience for translation to clinical schizophrenia research, (2) identify the paradigms that represent these domains for which the neural substrates are well documented, (3) adap...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type:
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt128
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Identifying distinctive subtypes of schizophrenia could ultimately enhance diagnostic and prognostic accuracy. We aimed to uncover neuroanatomical subtypes of chronic schizophrenia patients to test whether stratification can enhance computer-aided discrimination of patients from control subjects. Unsupervised, data-dr...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sby008
更新日期:2018-08-20 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Adult patients having schizophrenia (SZ) or bipolar disorder (BP) may have in common neurocognitive deficits. Former evidence suggests impairments in several neuropsychological functions in young offspring at genetic risk for SZ or BP. Moreover, a dose-response relation may exist between the degree of famili...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn058
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia implies that alterations in the dopamine system cause functional abnormalities in the brain that may converge to aberrant salience attribution and eventually lead to psychosis. Indeed, widespread brain disconnectivity across the psychotic spectrum has been revealed by resting-s...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1093/schbul/sby079
更新日期:2019-04-25 00:00:00
abstract::Phenotypic heterogeneity within patients and controls may explain why the genetic variants contributing to schizophrenia risk explain only a fraction of the heritability. The aim of this study is to investigate quantitative and qualitative differences in psychosis symptoms in a sample including psychosis patients, the...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq103
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Motor abnormalities in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) have increasingly attracted scientific interest in the past years. However, the neural mechanisms underlying parkinsonism in SSD are unclear. The present multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study examined SSD patients with and without parkinsonism, ...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa007
更新日期:2020-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::The causal mechanism underlying the well-established relation between advancing paternal age and schizophrenia is hypothesized to involve mutational errors during spermatogenesis that occur with increasing frequency as males age. Point mutations are well known to increase with advancing paternal age while other errors...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm093
更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:Objective:Evidence suggests that social skills training (SST) is an efficacious intervention for negative symptoms in psychosis, whereas evidence of efficacy in other psychosis symptom domains is limited. The current article reports a comprehensive meta-analytic review of the evidence for SST across relevant outcome me...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx146
更新日期:2018-04-06 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Cannabis use is associated with a younger age at onset of psychosis, an indicator of poor prognosis, but better cognitive function, a positive prognostic indicator. We aimed to clarify the role of age at onset and cognition on outcomes in cannabis users with first-episode schizophrenia as well as the effect o...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq153
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A substantial proportion of patients with schizophrenia experience the onset of their illness by age 18. Data from phenomenological, cognitive, neuroimaging, and genetic studies suggest a similar profile of clinical and neurobiological abnormalities between early- and adult-onset patients. However, children and adoles...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm123
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::On September 18, 2007, a collaborative session between the International Society for CNS Clinical Trials and Methodology and the International Society for CNS Drug Development was held in Brussels, Belgium. Both groups, with membership from industry, academia, and governmental and nongovernmental agencies, have been f...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn110
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Task-based functional neuroimaging studies of schizophrenia have not yet replicated the increased coordinated hyperactivity in speech-related brain regions that is reported with symptom-capture and resting-state studies of hallucinations. This may be due to suboptimal selection of cognitive tasks. METHODS:I...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu004
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A frontostriatal hypothesis of schizophrenia is advanced which takes into account evidence from studies of neurochemical pathology, functional imaging, cognitive neuropsychology, and experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, in addition to factor analyses of the symptomatic heterogeneity of this disorder. This evi...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/schbul/16.3.391
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00