Abstract:
:This hypothesized reflex relates the vertical direction of gaze to the amount of tension exerted by the ciliary muscle. Based on simple observations the following is assumed. When looking downwards a tendency for closer focusing (near searching) exists even without a specific visual stimulus, whereas looking up favors a more relaxed state of the accommodative mechanism. This reflex is much weaker than accommodation induced by visual stimuli but may have potential practical implications with regards to automated objective ocular refraction devices. When using such instruments it is crucial to eliminate entirely all accommodation. The inability to achieve such relaxation has prevented automated devices from completely replacing all manual and subjective techniques in ophthalmology practice. If the reflex is empirically proven to exist, then by performing objective examinations while the patient's gaze is directed up, more precise measurements may be achieved. An additional benefit can be derived from comparing upward versus forward gaze measurements. Even a small difference can imply that accommodation has been triggered, so that ultimately this screening method enables identification of the accommodators sub-group and reciprocally approving the accuracy of the non-accommodators sub-group results.
journal_name
Med Hypothesesjournal_title
Medical hypothesesauthors
Blumenthal EZdoi
10.1016/0306-9877(91)90016-rsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1991-12-01 00:00:00pages
381-3issue
4eissn
0306-9877issn
1532-2777pii
0306-9877(91)90016-Rjournal_volume
36pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Immunotherapy has attracted attention as a novel treatment modality for malignant melanoma. Although the use of immunotherapy in metastatic melanoma has shown promising results, there remains a lack of predictive biomarkers indicating treatment benefit from immunotherapy. There is growing evidence suggesting that micr...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2016.05.023
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present paper hypothesizes that the top positions in academic medicine are generally occupied by less talented and skilled physicians who find more time to spare for administrative activities as compared to physicians who are successful in their research projects or enjoy their skills as practicing clinicians. A p...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.01.045
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cytokines and their effects are widely studied in immunology, but the cellular mechanisms responsible for producing these substances are not yet described or proven. Antigen presenting cells (APCs), macrophages and dendritic cells are suitable subjects for such a study. One of the many papers illustrating the interpla...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1054/mehy.1997.0720
更新日期:1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Helical bundles are found in all the known structures of peanut allergens. The peptide fragments, which survive gastrointestinal digestion of the allergens and are absorbed intact, are hypothesized to reassociate and form stable helical bundles in the circulation, which could elicit a specific IgE response resulting i...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.07.024
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The 2013 American Heart Association Blood Cholesterol Guidelines increased the number of patients recommended for statin therapy in the United States to 56million. Two common statin side effects are muscle pain, referred to as "statin-associated muscle symptoms", and increased risk for new onset type-2-diabetes mellit...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2017.07.007
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is one of the subgroups of schizophrenia of which little is known with regard to its optimal mechanism. Treatment response, either as full remission of symptoms or prediction by biomarker, is important in psychiatry. We have proposed a model that integrates dopaminergic and glut...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110159
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Innumerable studies have been carried out by people to trace out those elements, find out the mechanisms that are vital to the maintenance of stemness. Amongst them, the one which is gaining importance in the recent past is the metabolism of stem cells, especially One carbon metabolism. Being associated directly or in...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2017.12.019
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Most cancer cells would not result in devastating tumours if it were not for their ability to metastasize. The process of cancer metastasis involves significant cell shape, motility, and adhesive changes of pre-cancerous cells, and the remodelling of the extracellular matrix, as well as cognate properties of neighbour...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.04.042
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is the most severe form of illness within the spectrum of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Liver disease, usually consisting of mild serum transaminase elevation, occurs in almost 50% of patients with HG. While multiple risk factors have been proposed, the etiology and underlying mechanism...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2005.05.035
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the last century and a half there has been a secular decline in the age of menarche in Western, industrialized cultures. This trend has been largely ascribed to improved nutrition and health, and we offer an alternative hypothesis that changes in socio-economic conditions have resulted in changes in the pheromona...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0306-9877(85)90018-0
更新日期:1985-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancers which has very low response rate and survival rate. Melanoma cells are known to be inherently resistant to the chemotherapy which results in poor outcomes and even failure of the therapy. For this reason, a better understanding of underlying mechanism of melanoma pathogen...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2018.05.002
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has been shown previously that the precipitator hypothesis of causation is able to account for certain key features of the epidemiological evidence that conflict with initiator and promoter hypotheses. The precipitator hypothesis states that the carcinogenic risk depends linearly in the average rate of smoking at a...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0306-9877(81)90145-6
更新日期:1981-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hyperuricemia has been labeled both a risk factor and marker for cardiovascular pathology in addition to being associated with gout and kidney disease. Uric acid in vitro acts as a potent antioxidant capable of scavenging hydroxy radicals and peroxynitrite and reacting with nitric oxide. Some clinical studies have pro...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1054/mehy.2000.1221
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Autism is a complex and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder of unknown etiology but very likely resulting from both genetic and environmental factors. Recent estimates suggest that it affects 1 in 100-150 individuals in the US. Oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction have all been suggested ...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.01.032
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lactic acid produced by the malignant tumor is what keeps the malignancy going. Suppression or the removal of lactic acid is the prerequisite for any cancer treatment. ...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1054/mehy.2000.1227
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The paper studies how certain topologic features of the nuclear envelope may reorganize entrained transcription via spatial rearrangements of genes carried by distinct chromatids. ...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0306-9877(95)90202-3
更新日期:1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has been suggested that dopamine may play an important role in human evolution and adaptive behaviors. Recent studies have revealed an association between the dopamine system and social support among healthy individuals. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we propose a dopamine ...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.07.030
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The number of patients with diabetes has been expected around 300 million by 2025 and 366 million by 2030 by WHO. On the other hand, diabetic wounds as one of the common complications of diabetes represent major health challenges. Recently, wound care biological products have been proposed for treatment of chronic wou...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2015.03.004
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is defined as elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure secondary to e.g. congenital heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It elevates right ventricular afterload that eventually leads to cor pulmonale and right heart failure. Experimental research has shown that cardioprot...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109572
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Atrial fibrillation (Af) is the most common disorder of cardiac rhythm and is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality in the general population. A recent community-based observational study revealed that diabetes and hypertension were associated with the development of Af. Since there is no definite eviden...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2005.07.018
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ischaemic stroke ranks among the most important causes of death and disability in developed countries. Abnormal lipid metabolism is among the several factors that have a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We hypothesize that the decreased resistance of low-density lipoproteins against oxidative stress is an ...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1054/mehy.2000.1252
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping methodology has been used to study the reactions of manganese dusts with glutathione, employing alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN) and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) as spin traps. The results show evidence for the glutathionyl radical formation in...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0306-9877(90)90184-g
更新日期:1990-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chloroquine is one of the antimalaria drugs, also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although well tolerated in most individuals, it was suggested that chloroquine can exert a profound influence on renal function, especially in individuals with compromised body fluid status. How...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.06.012
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cranial nerve rhizophathy, commonly presented with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) or hemifacial spasm (HFS), is a sort of hyperexcitability disorders with higher incidence in senior Asian. In this paper, a novel hypothesis on the pathogenesis is proposed and with which some clinical phenomena are explained. In those wi...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109801
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::A study of the strikingly low incidence of sudden infant death syndrome in Eastern countries revealed significant differences in infant handling thought to have an etiological bearing; therefore this writer suggested that adoption of certain Eastern methods of nursing may reduce the incidence of sudden infant death sy...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0306-9877(97)90254-1
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypotheses regarding the factors that predispose individuals to developing AIDS after exposure to HTLV-III/LAV are beginning to emerge. It is suggested here that surgical removal of tonsils in childhood may increase the risk of developing opportunistic infections after infection with this newly discovered retrovirus. ...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0306-9877(86)90076-9
更新日期:1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Extracellular nucleotide-induced stimulation and activation of peripheral blood leukocytes and subsequent degranulation play a critical role in immediate-type hypersensitivity reaction and other inflammatory diseases. The extracellular nucleotides stimulate a P2Y receptor(s) on human PMN with the pharmacological profi...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0306-9877(02)00213-x
更新日期:2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The problem how tumor cells get the metastatic ability is still a hot debate. Based on the premise that the default state of normal cells is quiescent rather than mobile, the classic progression and early metastasis model suggested that tumor metastasis should be an acquired trait contributed by the late or early gene...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2009.11.023
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Organogenesis is the result of cell allocation followed by cell differentiation, and the processes involved are still to be elucidated. Present-day teaching suggests that the cytoplasmic membrane, the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton, in combination, are responsible, but the literature also suggests that othe...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0306-9877(96)90249-2
更新日期:1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Down-regulation of hormonal effects is in the presented simulation related to the number of functional receptors and quantity of available hormonal stimulation. The former is in the model substituted with the quantity of stimulation able to produce a full down-regulation (Hs100) of target cells. The halftime (t1/2) of...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0306-9877(96)90239-x
更新日期:1996-03-01 00:00:00