Abstract:
:It has been shown previously that the precipitator hypothesis of causation is able to account for certain key features of the epidemiological evidence that conflict with initiator and promoter hypotheses. The precipitator hypothesis states that the carcinogenic risk depends linearly in the average rate of smoking at an interval of tau years before death and that the 'doubling dose-rate', of D cigarettes per yr, is constant with respect to age from 35yr and above. In an earlier paper this hypothesis was tested by analysing secular trends in sex- and age-specific mortality from lung cancer recorded in England and Wales in relation to secular trends in cigarette consumption. The periods considered extended from 1950 up to 1975. The great majority of data failed to support the precipitator hypothesis but the well known errors in death certification were undoubtedly responsible for many anomalies. There were some indications of improved diagnostic accuracy towards the end of the period and hence it was considered important to update the analysis. This paper considers the trends over the recent period, 1974-5 to 1977-8. Unfortunately these newer data also appear to contain anomalies and they fail to support the precipitator hypothesis. In view of the difficulties confronting initiator and promoter hypotheses we have little alternative but to adopt Oldham's agnostic attitude "...we still do not know how cigarettes cause lung cancer, nor even, if we are particularly rigorous in our use of scientific logic, whether they do."
journal_name
Med Hypothesesjournal_title
Medical hypothesesauthors
Burch PRdoi
10.1016/0306-9877(81)90145-6subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1981-12-01 00:00:00pages
1461-70issue
12eissn
0306-9877issn
1532-2777pii
0306-9877(81)90145-6journal_volume
7pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Stroke is a major cause of neurological disability across all countries in the world. Functional recovery after stroke is limited because of neuronal death and degeneration. Although early reperfusion therapy may improve outcome, thrombolysis does not reverse ischaemic neuronal death and carries the risk of cerebral h...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.01.091
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This hypothesis named Salerian Addictive Potential (SAP) suggests that the addictive potency of any substance may be calculated with an algebraic equation of A=E/T(max)xt(1/2), where A is the addictive potency, E represents the euphoric potency, T(max) is the time to reach peak plasma concentration, and t(1/2) is the ...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2010.01.008
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prostate cancer incidence increases with age; along with many other cancers, it could be considered a disease of aging. Prostate cancer screening has led to a significant proportion of men diagnosed with low-grade, low-stage prostate cancer who are now more likely to choose an active surveillance strategy rather than ...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2018.06.004
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1054/mehy.1997.0631
更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2005.07.030
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2009.10.043
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::This thesis explores the activation of chemicals in metabolic systems from the viewpoint that this activation is under the control of elements of the space-sea in which the chemicals are immersed. Themselves inert, the chemicals are theorised to exploit a force or action issuing from space (fluctuation) and characteri...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1054/mehy.2001.1298
更新日期:2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite extensive research, a link between the assumed mechanisms of death and known risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has not yet been established. Modifiable risk factors such as prone sleeping position, nicotine exposure and thermal stress and non-avoidable risk factors like male gender and some ...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.10.019
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Early detection of mycoplasma infection is crucial for saving precious often irreplaceable data from the tissues of patients. Mycoplasma infections cause diseases in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, urethritis in men resulting in painful dysuria, urgency and urethral discharge. Cough, fever, headache, urethriti...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.004
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110276
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim was to search for periodical fluctuations in daily occurrence of gout attacks during the synodic lunar cycle. 126 gout attacks were recorded between 1972 and 1994 at known calendar dates. The synodic plexogram, displaying the number of attacks for each day of the cycle, was processed by cosinor regression. A p...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1054/mehy.1999.0973
更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The paper discusses the unifying concept that cell hydration is the primary factor in the mechanism of carcinogenesis. The concept includes the following hypotheses: (1) Increased cell hydration causes cancer not only by promoting cell division and oncogene expression, but also by inactivating genes inducing cell diff...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2005.09.022
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0306-9877(03)00205-6
更新日期:2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The dissimilarities in spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of water proton from one tumor to the other is due to the yield of hypoxic fraction in the tumor. The yield of higher relaxation time (T1) in the KHT tumor compared to the RIF-1 tumor as a function of growth is due to the hypoxic fraction of the tumor. The hypox...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0306-9877(92)90007-y
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chloroquine is one of the antimalaria drugs, also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although well tolerated in most individuals, it was suggested that chloroquine can exert a profound influence on renal function, especially in individuals with compromised body fluid status. How...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.06.012
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1054/mehy.2000.1209
更新日期:2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the recent hypothesis that hair loss might be a manifestation of metabolic abnormalities particularly hyperglicemia. It has been reported various environmental risk factors affecting hair loss. There is growing evidence on the relationship between prediabetes and worse metabolic profile. However, there are few stud...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.09.014
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The modern living standard has imposed upon society a situation of chronic sleep deprivation. This chronic loss of sleep affects women more than it does men. As a result, the postponement of pregnancy has become a common choice due to the priority given to social and domestic activities. For women, pregnancy represent...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2010.07.036
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pars tuberalis is a distinct subdivision of the pituitary gland but its function remains poorly understood. Suprasellar tumors in this pars tuberalis region are frequently accompanied by hyperprolactinemia. As these tumors do not immunoreact for any of the established pituitary hormones, they are classified as non...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.08.030
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2019.01.016
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0306-9877(76)80005-9
更新日期:1976-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2013.09.035
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0306-9877(89)90058-3
更新日期:1989-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2015.10.014
更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains a major cause of cardiac related mortality and morbidity in the developing countries due to poor diagnosis and lack of proper therapeutics. The definite reason of heart valve injury during RHD is poorly understood. Valvular endothelial cells play an important role in pathogenesis ...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2016.09.001
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Interferon-alpha (IFN) is widely used in the treatment of certain cancers and viral infections, including hepatitis C (HCV). Unfortunately, depression is a common side effect of IFN therapy, affecting approximately a third of HCV patients receiving IFN therapy. Studies have shown that selective serotonin reuptake inhi...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2005.01.026
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human immunodeficiency virus may regulate its replication by stimulating the synthesis of interleukin-1. Interleukin-1, in turn, has the ability to stimulate the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer region. The human genes responsible for interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist synthesis are located on th...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0306-9877(97)90040-2
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nearly two million people suffer traumatic brain injury in the US each year. These injuries alter adversely the metabolism of myelin, a major lipid material in brain, both in people and in experimental injuries of animals. A newly discovered and severe human neuropathy from copper deficiency provides evidence that som...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2013.09.011
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Primary angle closure glaucoma has been called the most common form of glaucoma in the world, and the leading cause of bilateral blindness. Pupillary block is felt to be the main mechanism of outflow obstruction in this condition. Recent advances in morphologic assessment of angle closure, specifically by means of ult...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.11.025
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A hypothesis is presented concerning the origin of the action of muscles in the human and animal bodies It is advanced that muscle action originates with very rapid chemical reactions known as percussion reactions. These give rise to the temporary precipitation of solids in muscle cells. The accompanying volume change...
journal_title:Medical hypotheses
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0306-9877(02)00149-4
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00