Abstract:
:Clement, Feltus, Kaiser, and Zentall (2000) found that when pigeons have to work to obtain a discriminative stimulus that is followed by reinforcement, they prefer a discriminative stimulus that requires greater effort over one that requires less effort. The authors suggested that such a preference results from the greater change in hedonic value that occurs between the more aversive event and the onset of the stimulus that signals reinforcement, a contrast effect. It was hypothesized that any stimulus that follows a relatively more aversive event would be preferred over a stimulus that follows a relatively less aversive event. In the present experiment, the authors tested the counterintuitive prediction of that theory, that pigeons should prefer a discriminative stimulus that follows the absence of reinforcement over a discriminative stimulus that follows reinforcement. Results supported the theory.
journal_name
Learn Behavjournal_title
Learning & behaviorauthors
Friedrich AM,Clement TS,Zentall TRdoi
10.3758/bf03192862keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-08-01 00:00:00pages
337-42issue
3eissn
1543-4494issn
1543-4508journal_volume
33pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Pigeons responded on fixed-interval and fixed-ratio food schedules during sessions of extended duration. Pause lengths from the beginning of the session, when the subjects were hungry, resembled those found in open economies, whereas pause lengths from the end of the sessions, when the subjects were close to satiation...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/bf03193178
更新日期:2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three conditioned suppression experiments with rats as subjects investigated the influence of higher order associations in determining the response potential of a target stimulus. In these experiments, a Pavlovian conditioned inhibitor was compounded with the target cue during extinction treatment. In Experiment 1, st...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/LB.38.1.68
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::We tested a California sea lion for visual oddity learning by presentingproblems composed ofthree two-dimensional black-and-white stimuli, two identical (S-) and one different (S+). In the first experimental stage, a single problem per session was presented until learning criterion was reached. In the second experimen...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/bf03193190
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In two experiments, we examined the discrimination of photographs of individual pigeons by pigeons, using go/no-go discrimination procedures. In Experiments 1A and 1B, the pigeons were trained to discriminate 4 photographs of one pigeon from those of a number of pigeons. The subjects learned the discrimination, but th...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/bf03195993
更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::New Caledonian (NC) crows are the most sophisticated tool manufacturers other than humans. The diversification and geographical distribution of their three Pandanus tool designs that differ in complexity, as well as the lack of ecological correlates, suggest that cumulative technological change has taken place. To inv...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/LB.38.3.206
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Domestic dogs have become well known for their socio-cognitive successes, so what does it mean when domestic dogs fail to cooperate? A new study by Marshall-Pescini, Schwarz, Kostelnik, Virányi, and Range (PNAS, 114(44) 11793-11798, 2017) highlights the importance of considering socioecological context, learning, and ...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-018-0334-1
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Systematic variations in the rate and temporal patterns of responding under a multiple concurrent-chains schedule were quantified using recurrence metrics and self-organizing maps to assess whether individual rats showed consistent or idiosyncratic patterns. The results indicated that (1) the temporal regularity of re...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-015-0182-1
更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Are humans unique in their ability to interpret exogenous events as causes? We addressed this question by observing the behavior of rats for indications of causal learning. Within an operant motor-sensory preconditioning paradigm, associative surgical techniques revealed that rats attempted to control an outcome (i.e....
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-012-0075-5
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Powers et al. (2017, Science, 357(6351), 596-600) report that Pavlovian conditioning can result in the perception of a stimulus in its absence, and that this effect is related to hallucinations outside the laboratory. Considered alongside similar studies in animals, this suggests that associatively produced perceptual...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-017-0309-7
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three experiments examined the effect of response-outcome contingencies on human ratings of causal efficacy and demonstrated that such ratings transfer to novel situations through derived stimulus relations. Efficacy ratings generally followed the delta probability rule when positive response-outcome contingencies wer...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.3758/s13420-012-0066-6
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We recently reported a study (Warneken & Rosati Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 282, 20150229, 2015) examining whether chimpanzees possess several cognitive capacities that are critical to engage in cooking. In a subsequent commentary, Beran, Hopper, de Waal, Sayers, and Brosnan Learning & Behavior (2015) asserted...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-016-0220-7
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article introduces a new model of Pavlovian conditioning, attention as an acquisition and performance variable (AAPV), which, like several other so-called attentional models, emphasizes the role of variation of cue salience, together with associative strength, in accounting for conditioning phenomena. AAPV is pri...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-013-0131-9
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hungry rats were trained in a two-lever conditioning chamber to earn food reinforcement according to either a win-shift/lose-stay or a win-stay/lose-shift contingency. Performance on the two contingencies was similar when there was little delay between the initial, information part of the trial (i.e., win or lose) and...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-017-0289-7
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previous place conditioning studies in mice have shown that injection of ethanol immediately before a conditioned stimulus (CS+) produces conditioned preference, whereas injection of ethanol immediately after CS+ produces conditioned aversion. In the present experiments, we examined the learning that occurs when ethan...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/bf03195988
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present research examined the temporal distribution of responding in a lick suppression paradigm. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with either a 30- or a 120-s conditioned stimulus (CS), which was followed either by a footshock (unconditioned stimulus [US]) or nothing. Licking during the CS was suppressed only i...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-010-0012-4
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In three Pavlovian magazine approach experiments, rats received conditioning of auditory and visual stimuli by pairing with a pellet. Then the stimuli received additional conditioning while presented in simultaneous compound and were tested either immediately or after a delay. The compound conditioning resulted in a d...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/bf03192867
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Simultaneous protocols typically yield poorer stimulus equivalence outcomes than do other protocols commonly used in equivalence research. Two independent groups of three 3-member equivalence sets of stimuli were used in conditional discrimination procedures in two conditions, one using the standard simultaneous proto...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-013-0128-4
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A novel learning process that does not require stimulus associations was explored in humans. The hypothesis was that two contextual stimuli taught in separate settings, with different stimuli, become equivalent if they accomplish identical functions with regard to the relations between the stimuli presented with them....
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-014-0166-6
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::We frame behavior in classical conditioning experiments as the product of normative statistical inference. According to this theory, animals learn an internal model of their environment from experience. The basic building blocks of this internal model are latent causes-explanatory constructs inferred by the animal tha...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-012-0080-8
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Proops, Grounds, Smith, and McComb (2018) suggest that horses remember previous emotional expressions of specific humans, and use these memories to adjust their behavior in future social interactions. Despite some methodological shortcomings, this study raises important questions on the complexity of social interactio...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-018-0363-9
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The attenuation of an LiCl-induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA) by LiCl preexposure is mediated primarily by associative blocking via injection-related cues. Given that preexposure to morphine attenuates morphine-induced CTAs, it was of interest to determine whether injection cues also mediate this effect. Certain...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/LB.38.2.103
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ephemeral reward task consists of giving an animal a choice between two distinctive stimuli, A and B (e.g., black and white), on each of which is placed a bit of food. If the animal chooses the food on A, it gets that reinforcer, but the other stimulus, B, is removed, and the trial is over. If it chooses the food ...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-020-00429-2
更新日期:2020-06-24 00:00:00
abstract::Howard, Avargues-Weber, Garcia, Greentree, and Dyer (Science Advances, 5,1-6, 2019) report experiments in which honeybees initially shown a number of shapes could subsequently choose a pattern that added or subtracted one from that number. Further, the operations of addition and subtraction were cued by the colors of ...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-019-00382-9
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A recent report suggested that chimpanzees demonstrate the cognitive capacities necessary to understand cooking (Warneken & Rosati, 2015). We offered alternative explanations and mechanisms that could account for the behavioral responses of those chimpanzees, and questioned the manner in which the data were used to ex...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-016-0224-3
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several non-mutually exclusive hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of cognition in animals. Broadly, these hypotheses fall under two categories: those that pertain to the selective pressures exerted either by sociality or by the ecological niche in which animals live. We review these ideas and then ...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3758/s13420-020-00445-2
更新日期:2021-01-14 00:00:00
abstract::The dominant theoretical approach to causal learning postulates the acquisition of associative weights between cues and outcomes. This reduction of causal induction to associative learning implies that learners are insensitive to important characteristics of causality, such as the inherent directionality between cause...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/bf03196064
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::We trained 7 pigeons to discriminate visual displays of 16 same items from displays of 16 different items. The specific stimulus features of the items and the relations among the items could serve as discriminative stimuli. Unlike in most studies of same-different discrimination behavior, we gave a small number of pro...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/bf03196019
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In three experiments, we examined the effect of response-outcome relations on human ratings of causal efficacy and demonstrated that such efficacy ratings transfer to novel situations through derived stimulus relations. Causal efficacy ratings were higher, and probability of an outcome given a response was lower, for ...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/LB.37.4.336
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Consistent with human gambling behavior but contrary to optimal foraging theory, pigeons show a strong preference for an alternative with low probability and high payoff (a gambling-like alternative) over an alternative with a greater net payoff (Zentall & Stagner, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278, 1203-1208, 2...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.3758/s13420-012-0065-7
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pearce, Dopson, Haselgrove, and Esber (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 38, 167-179, 2012) conducted a series of experiments with rats and pigeons in which the conditioned responding elicited by two types of redundant cue was compared. One of these redundant cues was a blocked cue X from ...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-014-0162-x
更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00