Abstract：
:High-harmonic generation is a well-known method of producing coherent extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) light, with photon energies up to about 0.5 keV (refs 1, 2). This is achieved by focusing a femtosecond laser into a gas, and high harmonics of the fundamental laser frequency are radiated in the forward direction. However, although this process can generate high-energy photons, efficient high-harmonic generation has been demonstrated only for photon energies of the order 50-100 eV (ref. 5). Ionization of the gas prevents the laser and the EUV light from propagating at the same speed, which severely limits the conversion efficiency. Here we report a technique to overcome this problem, and demonstrate quasi-phase-matched frequency conversion of laser light into EUV. Using a modulated hollow-core waveguide to periodically vary the intensity of the laser light driving the conversion, we efficiently generate EUV light even in the presence of substantial ionization. The use of a modulated fibre shifts the energy spectrum of the high-harmonic light to significantly higher photon energies than would otherwise be possible. We expect that this technique could form the basis of coherent EUV sources for advanced lithography and high-resolution imaging applications. In future work, it might also be possible to generate isolated attosecond pulses.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Paul A,Bartels RA,Tobey R,Green H,Weiman S,Christov IP,Murnane MM,Kapteyn HC,Backus Sdoi
10.1038/nature01222keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2003-01-02 00:00:00pages
51-4issue
6918eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
nature01222journal_volume
421pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract：:The Kyoto Protocol permits countries to meet part of their emission reduction obligations by cutting back on gases other than CO2 (ref. 1). This approach requires a definition of trade-offs among the radiatively active gases. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has suggested global warming potentials for thi...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35070541
更新日期：2001-04-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Nature's high-performance polymer, spider silk, consists of specific proteins, spidroins, with repetitive segments flanked by conserved non-repetitive domains. Spidroins are stored as a highly concentrated fluid dope. On silk formation, intermolecular interactions between repeat regions are established that provide st...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature08962
更新日期：2010-05-13 00:00:00
abstract：:The RIG-like helicase (RLH) family of intracellular receptors detect viral nucleic acid and signal through the mitochondrial antiviral signalling adaptor MAVS (also known as Cardif, VISA and IPS-1) during a viral infection. MAVS activation leads to the rapid production of antiviral cytokines, including type 1 interfer...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature06501
更新日期：2008-01-31 00:00:00
abstract：:The battle for survival between bacteria and the viruses that infect them (phages) has led to the evolution of many bacterial defence systems and phage-encoded antagonists of these systems. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and the CRISPR-associated (cas) genes comprise an adaptive imm...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature15254
更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The peptide GsMTx4, isolated from the venom of the tarantula Grammostola spatulata, is a selective inhibitor of stretch-activated cation channels (SACs). The mechanism of inhibition remains unknown; but both GsMTx4 and its enantiomer, enGsMTx4, modify the gating of SACs, thus violating a trademark of the traditional l...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature02743
更新日期：2004-07-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Abscisic acid (ABA) is a ubiquitous hormone that regulates plant growth, development and responses to environmental stresses. Its action is mediated by the PYR/PYL/RCAR family of START proteins, but it remains unclear how these receptors bind ABA and, in turn, how hormone binding leads to inhibition of the downstream ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature08613
更新日期：2009-12-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Transcriptional activator proteins (activators) function, at least in part, by increasing preinitiation complex assembly (for reviews see refs 1-4). Previous studies have shown that an acidic activator forms a contact with the general transcription factor TFIIB (refs 5-7) and recruits it into the preinitiation complex...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/371717a0
更新日期：1994-10-20 00:00:00
abstract：:The structure of water near non-polar molecular fragments or surfaces mediates the hydrophobic interactions that underlie a broad range of interfacial, colloidal and biophysical phenomena. Substantial progress over the past decade has improved our understanding of hydrophobic interactions in simple model systems, but ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature14018
更新日期：2015-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The primary function of the adenovirus E1A-region genes is to activate other adenoviral genes during a permissive viral infection by modifying the host cell transcriptional apparatus. Host cell immortalization, or transformation by the whole adenoviral early region, presumably results as a consequence of these modific...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/332553a0
更新日期：1988-04-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Neurons in the visual cortex are selectively responsive to light or dark bars presented at particular orientations. On the basis of physiological data, this orientation selectivity is hypothesized as being due at least partially to intracortical inhibitory mechanisms. But this hypothesis has been challenged by intrace...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/335815a0
更新日期：1988-10-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Speciation in many animal taxa is catalysed by the evolutionary diversification of mating signals. According to classical theories of speciation, mating signals diversify, in part, as an incidental byproduct of adaptation by natural selection to divergent ecologies, although empirical evidence in support of this hypot...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35051570
更新日期：2001-01-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Unicellular organisms such as yeasts require a single cyclin-dependent kinase, Cdk1, to drive cell division. In contrast, mammalian cells are thought to require the sequential activation of at least four different cyclin-dependent kinases, Cdk2, Cdk3, Cdk4 and Cdk6, to drive cells through interphase, as well as Cdk1 t...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature06046
更新日期：2007-08-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Insulin resistance occurs in a variety of conditions, including diabetes, obesity and essential hypertension, but its underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. In type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, it is insulin-resistance in skeletal muscle, the chief site of insulin-mediated glucose disposal in hum...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/335632a0
更新日期：1988-10-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Organ-specific metastasis is governed, in part, by interactions between chemokine receptors on cancer cells and matching chemokines in target organs. For example, malignant breast cancer cells express the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and commonly metastasize to organs that are an abundant source of the CXCR4-specific liga...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature01874
更新日期：2003-09-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV), first isolated in the United States from a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, is a unique horizontally transmitted retrovirus which is highly associated with certain adult T-cell malignancies. Also, HTLV can be transmitted in vitro to cord blood T-lymphocytes. In the accompany...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/305060a0
更新日期：1983-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) contains a conical capsid comprising approximately 1,500 CA protein subunits, which organizes the viral RNA genome for uncoating and replication in a new host cell. In vitro, CA spontaneously assembles into helical tubes and cones that resemble authentic viral capsids. H...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35030177
更新日期：2000-09-21 00:00:00
abstract：:We have developed a method for calculating the stability in water of protein structures, starting from their atomic coordinates. The contribution of each protein atom to the solvation free energy is estimated as the product of the accessibility of the atom to solvent and its atomic solvation parameter. Applications of...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/319199a0
更新日期：1986-01-16 00:00:00
abstract：:When an intense laser pulse is focused into a gas, the light-atom interaction that occurs as atoms are ionized results in an extremely nonlinear optical process--the generation of high harmonics of the driving laser frequency. Harmonics that extend up to orders of about 300 have been reported, some corresponding to ph...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35018029
更新日期：2000-07-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Major ice sheets were permanently established on Antarctica approximately 34 million years ago, close to the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, at the same time as a permanent deepening of the calcite compensation depth in the world's oceans. Until recently, it was thought that Northern Hemisphere glaciation began much later,...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature06053
更新日期：2007-08-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Photoreceptors of the vertebrate retina hyperpolarize in response to light. The hyperpolarization elicited by a brief flash is approximately ten times slower in rods than in cones of the same retina. We have examined the amplification and temporal properties of synaptic transfer of rod and cone signals to a common pos...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/296862a0
更新日期：1982-04-29 00:00:00
abstract：:Analysis of the genes that control the early events of Drosophila embryogenesis is providing details of the molecular processes underlying the positional specification of cells. There are two distinct phases: the first precedes the cellularization of the blastoderm embryo and is associated with a cascade of interactio...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/335025a0
更新日期：1988-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:When we see motion, our perception of how one image feature moves depends on the behaviour of other features nearby. In particular, the Gestaltists proposed the law of shared common fate, in which features tend to be perceived as moving together, that is, coherently. Recent psychophysical findings, such as the coopera...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/333071a0
更新日期：1988-05-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Although the nuclear properties of the late actinides (plutonium, americium and curium) are fully understood and widely applied to energy generation, their solid-state properties do not fit within standard models and are the subject of active research. Plutonium displays phases with enormous volume differences, and bo...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature05647
更新日期：2007-03-29 00:00:00
abstract：:Lipid-bilayer membranes supported on solid substrates are widely used as cell-surface models that connect biological and artificial materials. They can be placed either directly on solids or on ultrathin polymer supports that mimic the generic role of the extracellular matrix. The tools of modern genetic engineering a...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/nature04164
更新日期：2005-09-29 00:00:00
abstract：:In this Letter, the statement 'I.I. and A.B. performed computations at the NCI Australia' was missing from the Acknowledgements section. This has been corrected online. ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 已发布勘误
doi：10.1038/s41586-019-1123-5
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is not yet clear whether humans are able to learn while they are sleeping. Here we show that full-term human newborns can be taught to discriminate between similar vowel sounds when they are fast asleep. It is possible that such sleep training soon after birth could find application in clinical or educational situa...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/415599b
更新日期：2002-02-07 00:00:00
abstract：:The signal recognition particle (SRP) consists of one RNA and six protein subunits. The N-terminal domain of the 54K subunit contains a putative GTP-binding site, whereas the C-terminal domain binds signal sequences and SRP RNA. Binding of SRP to the signal sequence as it emerges from the ribosome creates a cytosolic ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/366351a0
更新日期：1993-11-25 00:00:00
abstract：:The vasa gene product of Drosophila melanogaster is required only in the female germ line. Progeny of females homozygous for vasa mutations lack posterior structures and pole cells. Isolation and characterization of vasa genomic and complementary DNA clones show that the transcript is abundant in the female germ line ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/335611a0
更新日期：1988-10-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Fluids and melts liberated from subducting oceanic crust recycle lithophile elements back into the mantle wedge, facilitate melting and ultimately lead to prolific subduction-zone arc volcanism. The nature and composition of the mobile phases generated in the subducting slab at high pressures have, however, remained l...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature03971
更新日期：2005-09-29 00:00:00
abstract：:Growth of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) requires high levels of hedgehog (HH) signalling through the transcription factor GLI. Although inhibitors of membrane protein smoothened (SMO) effectively suppress HH signalling, early tumour resistance illustrates the need for additional downstream targets for therapy. Here we ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature11889
更新日期：2013-02-28 00:00:00
