Abstract:
:The spacing of opening-mode fractures in layered materials--such as certain sedimentary rocks and laminated engineering materials--is often proportional to the thickness of the fractured layer. Experimental studies of this phenomenon show that the spacing initially decreases as extensional strain increases in the direction perpendicular to the fractures. But at a certain ratio of spacing to layer thickness, no new fractures form and the additional strain is accommodated by further opening of existing fractures: the spacing then simply scales with layer thickness, which is called fracture saturation. This is in marked contrast to existing theories of fracture, such as the stress-transfer theory, which predict that spacing should decrease with increasing strain ad infinitum. Recently, two of us (T.B. and D.D.P.) have used a combination of numerical simulations and laboratory experiments to show that, with increasing applied stress, the normal stress acting between such fractures undergoes a transition from tensile to compressive, suggesting a cause for fracture saturation. Here we investigate the full stress distribution between such fractures, from which we derive an intuitive physical model of the process of fracture saturation. Such a model should find wide applicability, from geosciences to engineering.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Bai T,Pollard DD,Gao Hdoi
10.1038/35001550keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-02-17 00:00:00pages
753-6issue
6771eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687journal_volume
403pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract::Throughout the lifespan of a plant, which in some cases can last more than one thousand years, the stem cell niches in the root and shoot apical meristems provide cells for the formation of complete root and shoot systems, respectively. Both niches are superficially different and it has remained unclear whether common...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature05703
更新日期:2007-04-12 00:00:00
abstract::The kidney has been widely exploited as a model system for the study of tissue inductions regulating vertebrate organogenesis. Kidney development is initiated by the ingrowth of the Wolfian duct-derived ureteric bud into the presumptive kidney mesenchyme. In response to a signal from the ureter, mesenchymal cells cond...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/372679a0
更新日期:1994-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::Systems of colour vision are normally identical in all members of a species, but a single design may not be adequate for species living in a diverse range of light environments. Here we show that in the mantis shrimp Haptosquilla trispinosa, which occupies a range of depths in the ocean, long-wavelength colour recepto...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35079184
更新日期:2001-05-31 00:00:00
abstract::Crustal faults have long been identified as sites where localized sliding motion occurs during earthquakes, which allows for the relative motion between adjacent crustal blocks. Although there is a growing awareness that we must understand the evolution of fault systems on many timescales to relate present-day crustal...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature01354
更新日期:2003-01-30 00:00:00
abstract::The study of bacterial ion channels has provided fundamental insights into the structural basis of neuronal signalling; however, the native role of ion channels in bacteria has remained elusive. Here we show that ion channels conduct long-range electrical signals within bacterial biofilm communities through spatially ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature15709
更新日期:2015-11-05 00:00:00
abstract::Although cell adhesion to substrate must ultimately depend on 'sticking' by physical forces at the outer surface, we suggest that control is exercised through the 'grip' of the cytoskeleton. Our experiments indicate that grip can be relaxed by agents which release surface glycoproteins from some form of side-to-side o...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/267124a0
更新日期:1977-05-12 00:00:00
abstract::Many chemical and physical systems can occur in two forms distinguished solely by being mirror images of each other. This phenomenon, known as chirality, is important in biochemistry, where reactions involving chiral molecules often require the participation of one specific enantiomer (mirror image) of the two possibl...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35016043
更新日期:2000-06-22 00:00:00
abstract::β-arrestins are critical regulator and transducer proteins for G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). β-arrestin is widely believed to be activated by forming a stable and stoichiometric GPCR-β-arrestin scaffold complex, which requires and is driven by the phosphorylated tail of the GPCR. Here we demonstrate a distinct ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0079-1
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Auroral substorms, dynamic phenomena that occur in the upper atmosphere at night, are caused by global reconfiguration of the magnetosphere, which releases stored solar wind energy. These storms are characterized by auroral brightening from dusk to midnight, followed by violent motions of distinct auroral arcs that su...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature25505
更新日期:2018-02-14 00:00:00
abstract::There has been an increasing interest in the use of immobilized cells for the production of pharmaceuticals as well as for products such as high fructose syrup or ethanol. Some of these compounds are now produced on an industrial scale whereby the cells are used in a resting or growing state or in a nonviable form as ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/302543a0
更新日期:1983-04-07 00:00:00
abstract::Despite the continued increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, the annual-mean global temperature has not risen in the twenty-first century, challenging the prevailing view that anthropogenic forcing causes climate warming. Various mechanisms have been proposed for this hiatus in global warming, but thei...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature12534
更新日期:2013-09-19 00:00:00
abstract::Conifers have dominated forests for more than 200 million years and are of huge ecological and economic importance. Here we present the draft assembly of the 20-gigabase genome of Norway spruce (Picea abies), the first available for any gymnosperm. The number of well-supported genes (28,354) is similar to the >100 tim...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature12211
更新日期:2013-05-30 00:00:00
abstract::Nitrogen (N) limits the productivity of many ecosystems worldwide, thereby restricting the ability of terrestrial ecosystems to offset the effects of rising atmospheric CO(2) emissions naturally. Understanding input pathways of bioavailable N is therefore paramount for predicting carbon (C) storage on land, particular...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature10415
更新日期:2011-08-31 00:00:00
abstract::Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus 8, or HHV 8) is a virus that is consistently present in Kaposi's sarcoma and in primary-effusion (body-cavity-based) lymphomas, malignancies that occur frequently, but not exclusively, in AIDS patients. KSHV is a gamma herpesvirus with homo...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/385347a0
更新日期:1997-01-23 00:00:00
abstract::The role of adaptive immunity in early cancer development is controversial. Here we show that chronic inflammation and fibrosis in humans and mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is accompanied by accumulation of liver-resident immunoglobulin-A-producing (IgA+) cells. These cells also express programmed death l...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature24302
更新日期:2017-11-16 00:00:00
abstract::Erythropoietin is the primary physiological regulator of erythropoiesis; however, in vitro studies have identified another class of mediators which appear to be important in stimulating erythroid progenitors. These factors have generally been referred to as burst-promoting activities (BPA), because they stimulate the ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/315768a0
更新日期:1985-06-27 00:00:00
abstract::To understand the mechanism of muscular contraction and its regulation by Ca2+ (ref. 3), it is important to know the arrangement and configuration of the myosin heads in the space between thin and thick filaments in relaxed muscle. This information is still lacking, mainly because the myosin reflections in the X-ray d...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/302069a0
更新日期:1983-03-03 00:00:00
abstract::Neutralizing antibody function provides a foundation for the efficacy of vaccines and therapies1-3. Here, using a robust in vitro Ebola virus (EBOV) pseudo-particle infection assay and a well-defined set of solid-phase assays, we describe a wide spectrum of antibody responses in a cohort of healthy survivors of the Si...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03146-y
更新日期:2021-01-27 00:00:00
abstract::It has been proposed that the hypothalamus helps to control ageing, but the mechanisms responsible remain unclear. Here we develop several mouse models in which hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells that co-express Sox2 and Bmi1 are ablated, as we observed that ageing in mice started with a substantial loss of these hypo...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature23282
更新日期:2017-08-03 00:00:00
abstract::The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs used to alleviate anxiety. As such they constitute one of the most commonly prescribed compounds, due in part to their efficacy and safety. The physiological effect of these drugs is probably through interactions with a low affinity benzodiazepine binding site and two (types 1 ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/302431a0
更新日期:1983-03-31 00:00:00
abstract::More than 50 copies of a phi X174 DNA template can be made in 60 min in an in vitro DNA replication system consisting of seven purfied replication proteins isolated from T4 bacteriophage-infected cells. By transfecting with the DNA products and assaying for the reversion of specific amber mutants, the high degree of b...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/285300a0
更新日期:1980-05-29 00:00:00
abstract::Transition-metal complexes are widely used in the physical and biological sciences. They have essential roles in catalysis, synthesis, materials science, photophysics and bioinorganic chemistry. Our understanding of transition-metal complexes originates from Alfred Werner's realization that their three-dimensional sha...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1616-2
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the last twenty years classical views of how compound eyes work optically have undergone a series of overhauls. Exner's central concept of an optically inhomogeneous lens cylinder has survived, and such devices are now made commercially. He was wrong, however, about some crustacean eyes. They produce images by a ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/287681a0
更新日期:1980-10-23 00:00:00
abstract::Viruses are the most abundant biological organisms of the world's oceans. Viral infections are a substantial source of mortality in a range of organisms-including autotrophic and heterotrophic plankton-but their impact on the deep ocean and benthic biosphere is completely unknown. Here we report that viral production ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature07268
更新日期:2008-08-28 00:00:00
abstract::Generalization is a cognitive ability that allows similar stimuli along a given dimension to be treated as equivalents. Insects exhibit high levels of visual generalization. Honeybees trained to recognize complex visual stimuli on the basis of a single feature generalize their choice to novel stimuli sharing that comm...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature02594
更新日期:2004-06-17 00:00:00
abstract::Metastasis is the main cause of death in people with cancer. To colonize distant organs, circulating tumour cells must overcome many obstacles through mechanisms that we are only now starting to understand. These include infiltrating distant tissue, evading immune defences, adapting to supportive niches, surviving as ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/nature17038
更新日期:2016-01-21 00:00:00
abstract::Large low-velocity seismic anomalies have been detected in the Earth's lower mantle beneath Africa and the Pacific Ocean that are not easily explained by temperature variations alone. The African anomaly has been interpreted to be a northwest-southeast-trending structure with a sharp-edged linear, ridge-like morpholog...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature04066
更新日期:2005-10-20 00:00:00
abstract::This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/nature24277. ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,已发布勘误
doi:10.1038/nature25160
更新日期:2018-01-25 00:00:00
abstract::Inorganic nanoparticles exhibit size-dependent properties that are of interest for applications ranging from biosensing and catalysis to optics and data storage. They are readily available in a wide variety of discrete compositions and sizes. Shape-selective synthesis strategies now also yield shapes other than nanosp...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature02020
更新日期:2003-10-02 00:00:00
abstract::MyoD1 and myogenin are muscle-specific proteins which can convert non-myogenic cells in culture to differentiated muscle fibres, implicating them in myogenic determination. The pattern of expression of MyoD1 and myogenin during the early stages of muscle formation in the mouse embryo in vivo and in limb-bud explants c...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/341303a0
更新日期:1989-09-28 00:00:00