Abstract：
:Oral contraceptives are combinations of estrogens and progestogens or, in the case of the mini-pills, progestogens alone. With specific test procedures in laboratory animals or human subjects, it is possible to assign potency evaluations to the components relative to the progestational, estrogenic, or antiestrogenic activities of the progestogen or to the estrogenic potencies of the estrogenic component. It might even be possible to quantify the synergistic effects of the estrogen on the progestational agent. Unfortunately, however, it is impossible now to amalgamate such assay results into single estimates of the potencies of the combinations (either the combination products per se or the combination tablets of sequential products). For example, an over-all estrogenic potency of a combination preparation would involve the integration of contributions form the estrogen itself plus the estrogenic products of metabolism of the progestogen minus the antagonistic effect of the progestational agent, if any. These factors cannot now be quantified independently, much less merged into a single figure of clinical significance. Further, even if it were possible to produce such an estimate, it is unlikely that the evaluation would be meaningful in relation to any putative side effect or adverse reaction, i.e., the alleged thrombogenic effects of oral contraceptives cannot currently be related directly to any measure of potency that will allow prediction of these clinical conditions from laboratory models. Any evaluation of the potential of a given contraceptive to produce a specific side effect will depend upon data generated with specific regard to that adverse reaction and the individual product in question.
journal_name
Am J Obstet Gynecoljournal_title
American journal of obstetrics and gynecologyauthors
Edgren RA,Sturtevant FMdoi
10.1016/0002-9378(76)90804-8subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1976-08-15 00:00:00pages
1029-38issue
8eissn
0002-9378issn
1097-6868pii
0002-9378(76)90804-8journal_volume
125pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:The aggressive management of early labor has been suggested as a means to lower the cesarean section rate for dystocia. The aim of our study was to prospectively evaluate a protocol of early intervention in primigravid women with infrequent uterine contractions during early labor in relation to the course of labor, th...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/s0002-9378(87)80288-0
更新日期：1987-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Although a few studies have evaluated the effect of meconium on the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio for testing of fetal lung maturity, to date these studies have assessed only the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio of amniotic fluid contaminated with meconium. The purpose of this study was (1) to determine whether me...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0002-9378(98)70038-9
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Our aim was to determine whether hysterotomy and selective removal of an acardiac twin could improve the outcome of the "pump" twin. STUDY DESIGN:A literature and case review of the outcome of the acardiac twin malformation was performed. When an acardiac malformation was diagnosed at 19 weeks' gestation the...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0002-9378(11)91620-2
更新日期：1992-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of fasting on maternal glucose metabolism were investigated in nonpregnant and 29-day pregnant conscious rabbits. Pregnancy decreased the glucose metabolic index by 60% in maternal red postural muscles. Fasting induced similar modifications in nonpregnant rabbits and exaggerated the changes observed in fed...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0002-9378(88)90257-8
更新日期：1988-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:We sought to test the hypothesis that elective delivery of infants diagnosed with macrosomia by ultrasonographic studies in diabetic women will significantly reduce the rate of shoulder dystocia without significantly increasing cesarean section rate. STUDY DESIGN:In a prospective study diabetic women with ul...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0002-9378(98)70524-1
更新日期：1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The responses to genital tract infection vary among different women to a far greater extent than has previously been appreciated. All women are not genetically identical and have not been exposed to identical environments; therefore it is naive to expect that a particular microorganism will elicit the identical respon...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1067/mob.2000.104258
更新日期：2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Our purpose was to determine whether obese women and underweight women have an increased risk of birth defects in their offspring. STUDY DESIGN:A geographically based case-control study of women living in California and Illinois was performed. There were 499 mothers of offspring with neural tube defects, 337...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0002-9378(94)70224-1
更新日期：1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:This study was undertaken to evaluate factors at home and work associated with antenatal morbidity (emergency department visits and hospitalizations) among employed pregnant women. STUDY DESIGN:This prospective study of 213 women included 3 antenatal interviews at about 16, 24, and 30 weeks' gestation with q...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70103-1
更新日期：1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Uterine fibroid tumors (leiomyomas) are the most common benign pelvic tumors in women and are the major indication for hysterectomy. Fibroid tumors are more common and more severe among African American women. Although this disease disproportionately affects the African American population, we understand little about ...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ajog.2013.08.008
更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Women's health nurses and nurse practitioners have a unique opportunity to provide high-quality primary and preventive care and play a critical role in coordinating and delivering effective contraceptive methods. The strategies and techniques that they routinely employ during counseling and education can help improve ...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ajog.2011.07.001
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Original histologic slides were reviewed from 87 patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma, all of whom had been treated with cisplatin, alone or in combination. The degree of lymphocyte infiltration in the tumor was not related to histologic or cytologic tumor differentiation. However, the degree of lymphocyte infiltr...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0002-9378(82)90178-8
更新日期：1982-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of various vasodilators on the uterine vascular bed were investigated in nonpregnant, oophorectomized sheep with chronically implanted flow probes and catheters inserted into branches of the uterine arteries. A 1 mug dose of estradiol-17beta (0.224 muM) produces a maximum uterine blood flow response after ...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0002-9378(76)90593-7
更新日期：1976-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Three hundred and eight-four cases of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix accessioned in the Registry as of December 31, 1978, have been analyzed. The annual incidence of these tumors has been found to correspond closely to the estimated usage of diethylstilbestrol (DES) for pregnancy support in the Uni...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0002-9378(79)90814-7
更新日期：1979-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:The objective of the study was to determine whether Interceed oxidized regenerated cellulose (Johnson & Johnson Medical, Arlington, Tex.), because of its polyanionic nature, may compete for the macrophage scavenger receptor. STUDY DESIGN:RAW macrophages were incubated with Interceed oxidized regenerated cell...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0002-9378(97)70070-x
更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Women with Papanicolaou tests classified as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade I or II are treated conservatively in many countries. However, these women are at an increased risk of having underlying prevalent and incident grade III cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cancer. This study was ...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1067/mob.2002.118918
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to assess the role of fetal nasal bones evaluation in first-trimester screening for trisomy 21 in selected and unselected pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN:Visualization of the nasal bones was attempted in women attending for routine nuchal translucency screening (unselected population,...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajog.2005.09.008
更新日期：2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Our goal was to evaluate whether active management of labor lowers cesarean section rates, shortens the length of labor, and overcomes any negative effects of epidural analgesia on nulliparous labor. STUDY DESIGN:We randomly assigned 405 low-risk term nulliparous patients to either an active management of la...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/s0002-9378(97)70152-2
更新日期：1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Our purpose was to ascertain the prevalence, incidence, and predictors of gynecologic disorders among women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. STUDY DESIGN:We serially assessed 292 women infected with human immunodeficiency virus and 681 uninfected women. Outcomes were incidence and prevalence of se...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70653-8
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A retrospective study of 56 patients treated for carcinoma in situ of the vulva over a 24-year period has shown a relative increase in the occurrence of this neoplasm. Only 6.7% of patients in the first 14 years of the study period were less than 35 years of age, as compared with 29.3% in the last decade. In the earli...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0002-9378(84)90669-0
更新日期：1984-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:We investigated whether levels of annexin A5 (AnxA5), AnxA5 anticoagulant activity and binding, and anti-AnxA5 antibodies might be altered in women with previous histories of recurrent spontaneous pregnancy losses (RSPL) when tested during pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN:Ninety pregnant women with histories of 3 or ...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajog.2006.02.034
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vasomotor symptoms after menopause are multifactorial in origin but result primarily from the loss of estrogen as ovarian function ceases. Although hot flushes typically last for 0.5 to 5.0 years after natural menopause, they may persist for as long as 15 years in a small percentage of postmenopausal women. In contras...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70725-8
更新日期：1999-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intervillous placental blood flow and indices of fetal heart rate variability were measured from seven healthy pregnant women in the last trimester of pregnancy, once before and twice after smoking one cigarette. A blood flow reduction was observed in seven, a rise in five, and no change in two measurements. When inte...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0002-9378(83)90975-4
更新日期：1983-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Thirteen healthy postmenopausal volunteers were studied under basal conditions and at intervals (days 1, 5, 10, and 30) after intravaginal placement of a polysiloxane ring impregnated with 400 mg of estradiol. Mean serum estradiol concentrations rose 26-fold with a twofold increase in serum estrone concentrations. Ser...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0002-9378(86)90821-5
更新日期：1986-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Family planning is recommended as a strategy to prevent adverse birth outcomes. The potential contribution of postpartum contraceptive coverage to reducing rates of preterm birth is unknown. In this study, we examine the impact of contraceptive coverage and use within 18 months of a birth on preventing preter...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ajog.2015.07.033
更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Our objectives were to establish an outpatient program for uterine artery embolization of fibroids and to monitor the following: percentage of patients who required immediate hospitalization or admission within 2 weeks, outcomes in terms of the degree of ultrasound regression of the fibroids, patient satisfac...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1067/mob.2001.114863
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker that reduces blood pressure and increases renal blood flow. This double-blind investigation evaluated the effect of nifedipine in postpartum patients with severe preeclampsia. Thirty-one patients were randomized to receive either nifedipine (10 mg) or placebo every 4 hours begin...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/0002-9378(90)91011-z
更新日期：1990-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Clostridium sordellii is a common soil and enteric bacterium that is infrequently recovered from the vagina. We describe three women in which C. sordellii caused puerperal infection and a distinctive and lethal toxic shock-like syndrome. Patients were less than 1 week post partum and each had a single, limited focus o...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0002-9378(89)90768-0
更新日期：1989-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:After treatment with human gonadotropins, 289 anovulatory women with apparently normal fallopian tubes became pregnant 379 times. Ten ectopic pregnancies in nine women were diagnosed, for an incidence of 2.7% of all conceptions. All the ectopic pregnancies were found in the fallopian tubes. Four patients had also an i...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0002-9378(82)90006-0
更新日期：1982-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Our purpose was to report the cancers arising during a familial ovarian cancer screening program and investigate the tumor's clonality and association with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. STUDY DESIGN:Program participants with a diagnosis of ovarian cancer or peritoneal serous papillary carcinoma were identified ...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70663-0
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cervical cultures of 2013 consecutive obstetric patients with no history of genital herpes simplex virus infection were used to determine the frequency of asymptomatic herpes simplex virus shedding in labor. Four (0.20%) of these patients had positive cultures. None of the exposed neonates developed clinical evidence ...
journal_title：American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0002-9378(88)90034-8
更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00
