Abstract:
:This report describes the ethical and legal aspects of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) that have been instituted in European countries. The data were collected from questionnaires circulated to fertility centres in 39 countries in Europe. Ninety six ART centres were located in 30 of these countries. Nine countries do not offer ART services. According to the survey, there are approximately 516 centres in Europe, which represent approximately 60% of the world ART centres. The survey included information regarding regulation of ART services, access to these services, attitude toward genetic material donation, cryopreservation of pre-embryos, surrogacy, manipulation of gametes and pre-embryos, research on pre-embryos and multiple fetal pregnancy reduction. At present, the majority of countries in Europe do not have established legislation pertaining to the various aspects of ART practice. The study reviews the ethical and legal aspects of ART practice in Europe.
journal_name
Hum Reprod Updatejournal_title
Human reproduction updateauthors
Schenker JGdoi
10.1093/humupd/3.2.173subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1997-03-01 00:00:00pages
173-84issue
2eissn
1355-4786issn
1460-2369journal_volume
3pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:BACKGROUND:Hirsutism is the presence of excess body or facial terminal (coarse) hair growth in females in a male-like pattern, affects 5-15% of women, and is an important sign of underlying androgen excess. Different methods are available for the assessment of hair growth in women. METHODS:We conducted a literature se...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmp024
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk remains controversial. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE:We aimed to systematically review the evidence regarding the role of dose, route of hormone administration, timing of initiation and duration of HT on cardiovascular risk amo...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmy039
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) are highly prevalent benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus. In the USA, the lifetime risk for women developing uterine leiomyomas is estimated as up to 75%. Except for hysterectomy, most therapies or treatments often provide only partial or temporary relief and are not succe...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmv030
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the last decade oocyte donation has been highly successful for treating women previously thought to be hopelessly infertile. The pregnancy rate after oocyte donation is among the highest reported for any fertility-enhancing procedure. Most investigators have noted an increased rate of obstetric complications in...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/7.1.28
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::BACKGROUND Angiogenesis, i.e. the development of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, represents an integral part in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. During the last decade, an increasing number of studies have therefore focused on the anti-angiogenic treatment of the disease. The present review provides a syst...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dms026
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review addresses research on gamete donors, recipients, and offspring and demonstrates that the foci on all three within the triad are largely directed at disclosure or anonymity; and each in turn centers on the perceived importance of the genetic link. The importance attached to genetics has led some countries t...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmi038
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Leiomyomata represent the most common gynaecological tumour in women of reproductive age, and are the primary indication for hysterectomy in the USA. Cytogenetic and genetic studies have, in recent years, advanced our understanding of the aetiology of these tumours. Cytogenetic aberrations involving chromosomes 6, 7, ...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/7.1.8
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Reproductive disorders and infertility are associated with the risk of obstetric complications and have a negative impact on pregnancy outcome. Affected patients often require assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to conceive, and advanced maternal age is a further confounding factor. The challenge is to ...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmv044
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The Fifth Evian Annual Reproduction (EVAR) Workshop Meeting discussed knowledge regarding contemporary genetics in female reproduction. METHODS:Specialist reproductive medicine clinicians and geneticists delivered presentations based on published literature and current research. The content of this report i...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type:
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmr033
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Every year 30% of individuals above age 65 fall, and falls are the principal cause of bone fractures. To reduce fracture incidence requires both prevention of falls and maintenance of bone strength. METHODS:PubMed searches were performed, for studies of the epidemiology of fractures, bone physiology, endocr...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmq008
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pregnancy induces physiological alterations in thyroid function which may make difficult the interpretation of results of thyroid hormone measurement. A state of hyperstimulation of the thyroid gland is common in early pregnancy. In a few cases, thyroid hormone values will deviate from the normal range, which correspo...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmh008
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:IUI for unexplained infertility can be performed in a natural cycle or in combination with ovarian stimulation. A disadvantage of ovarian stimulation is an increased risk of multiple pregnancies with its inherent maternal and neonatal complication risks. Stimulation agents for ovarian stimulation are clomiph...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmz035
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Laparoscopic and hysteroscopic surgery have changed the management of many gynaecological disorders. Procedures that previously required a long duration of hospitalization can now be done on an outpatient basis or with a short hospital stay. Surgical treatment remains the definitive and universal treatment of ectopic ...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/2.5.419
更新日期:1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The use of physical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analysis permits the analysis of valuable details of the structure of dried samples of mid-cycle cervical mucus during the period of maximum ferning. From a crystallographic point of view, particular attention was paid to the location, ...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/humupd/3.4.347
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ca(2+) is a ubiquitous intracellular messenger which encodes information by temporal and spatial patterns of concentration. In spermatozoa, several key functions, including acrosome reaction and motility, are regulated by cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration. Despite the very small size and apparent structural simplicity ...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmi050
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the male genital tract, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by spermatozoa and leukocytes including neutrophils and macrophages. ROS are involved in the regulation of sperm functions such as capacitation and the acrosome reaction. Infections lead to an excessive ROS production, resulting in an 'oxidative bu...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/5.5.399
更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Mild ovarian stimulation has emerged as an alternative to conventional IVF with the advantages of being more patient-friendly and less expensive. Inadequate data on pregnancy outcomes and concerns about the cycle cancellation rate (CCR) have prevented mild, or low-dose, IVF from gaining wide acceptance. OBJ...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmaa035
更新日期:2020-11-04 00:00:00
abstract::Uterine malformations consist of a group of miscellaneous congenital anomalies of the female genital system. Their mean prevalence in the general population and in the population of fertile women is approximately 4.3%, in infertile patients approximately 3.5% and in patients with recurrent pregnancy losses approximate...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/7.2.161
更新日期:2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Assisted conception is a useful methodology for detecting disturbances in clinical outcome, meiotic maturation, and genetic integrity of human gametes. Germinal cells are vulnerable to genetic damage from smoking, but can repair damage during meiosis. In ejaculated spermatozoa, repair capacity declines drastically. Sm...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/6.2.122
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endometriosis is considered primarily a disease of the endometrial-subendometrial unit or archimetra. The clinical picture of endometriosis characterises this disease as a hyperactivation of genuine archimetrial functions such as proliferation, inflammatory defence and peristalsis. While the aetiology of the disease r...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/4.5.752
更新日期:1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer treatment modalities are increasingly more effective in achieving complete remission and cure. Aggressive chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as well as bone marrow transplantation, results in >90% cure in many cancers of children and young women. As a result of this success however, a new problem has arisen. Many y...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/7.6.526
更新日期:2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite recent advances in ovarian stimulation regimens and laboratory techniques, the pregnancy rate of assisted reproduction remains relatively low. New methods that would potentially improve implantation rates are needed. One proposed strategy involves enhancement of blood flow at the implantation site with the use...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmm005
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) occurs in 1-3% of all couples trying to conceive. No consensus exists regarding when to perform testing for risk factors in couples with RPL. Some guidelines recommend testing if a patient has had two pregnancy losses whereas others advise to test after three losses. OBJECTIVE...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmz048
更新日期:2020-04-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Fear from increased cancer risk is one of the most significant reasons for low acceptance of reliable contraceptive methods and low compliance. METHODS:In this review, we included all cohort and case-control studies published in English up to December 2008. They were identified through a search of the liter...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmq022
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has long been known that the testis is an immunologically privileged site in the body, and that human seminal plasma possesses a generalized immunosuppressive activity. Multiple factors participate in the establishment of immunotolerance in the testis: the blood-tubular barrier; the local production of immunosuppre...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/7.5.444
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::From a public health viewpoint, the intrauterine device (IUD) is the most widely used contraceptive method in the world. Prevalence rates range among countries from 2 to 80% of contraceptive users. During 5 years of IUD use, pregnancy occurs in less than 2 per 100 insertions. Bleeding and pain are the most common reas...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmn003
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Great progress had been achieved during the last 20 years in the field of ovulation induction in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Clomiphene citrate remains the first line of treatment for all anovulatory women with PCOS, since in properly selected patients the cumulative pregnancy rate approaches that ...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/3.3.235
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Spermatogenesis culminates in production of one of the most highly differentiated cells in biology, the spermatozoon. The gametes that emerge from the testes are, however, functionally immature and only acquire full functionality once they have completed a process of post-testicular maturation in the epididy...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dms009
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The existence of stem/progenitor cells in the endometrium was postulated many years ago, but the first functional evidence was only published in 2004. The identification of rare epithelial and stromal populations of clonogenic cells in human endometrium has opened an active area of research on endometrial st...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmv051
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Estrogens are known to orchestrate reproductive events and to regulate the immune system during infections and following tissue damage. Recent findings suggest that, in the absence of any danger signal, estrogens trigger the physiological expansion and functional specialization of macrophages, which are immu...
journal_title:Human reproduction update
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/humupd/dmy026
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00