Abstract：
:Glaucomatous optic neuropathy implies loss of retinal ganglion cells, including their axons, and a major tissue remodeling, especially in the optic nerve head. Although increased intraocular pressure is a major risk factor for glaucomatous optic neuropathy, there is little doubt that other factors such as ocular blood flow play a role as well. Mechanisms leading to glaucomatous optic neuropathy are not yet clearly understood. There is, however, increasing evidence that both an activation of glial cells and an oxidative stress in the axons play an important role. Glial cells may be activated by mechanical stress via activation of the epidermal growth-factor-receptor, or by ischemic stress via an increase in endothelin. Several factors can systemically or locally increase oxidative stress. In glaucoma, an unstable ocular blood flow leading to repeated mild reperfusion seems to be most relevant in inducing oxidative stress. The simultaneous production of nitric oxide in the astrocytes and of superoxide in the mitochondria of the axons leads to the production of the damaging peroxynitrite. Therapeutically, we need to reduce intraocular pressure, stabilize ocular blood flow, and reduce oxidative stress. Various natural compounds possess potential antioxidative value. Reduction of oxidative stress at the level of mitochondria can be achieved by gingko biloba. Polyphenolic compounds, such as tea, red wine, dark chocolate, or coffee have antioxidative properties. Coffee contains 3-methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione (MCP), capable of scavenging peroxynitirite. Red wine-polyphenols (e.g., resveratrol), exert vasoprotective effects by inhibiting the synthesis of endothelin-1. Dark chocolate decreases blood pressure and improves endothelium-dependant vasorelaxation. Anthocyanosides (bilberries) owe their antioxidant effects to their particular chemical structure. Other antioxidants include ubiquinone and melatonin.
journal_name
Surv Ophthalmoljournal_title
Survey of ophthalmologyauthors
Mozaffarieh M,Grieshaber MC,Orgül S,Flammer Jdoi
10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.06.006subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-09-01 00:00:00pages
479-505issue
5eissn
0039-6257issn
1879-3304pii
S0039-6257(08)00116-1journal_volume
53pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The optical considerations of intraocular lenses can be understood, using only the formulae and principles taught in a typical basic science course in ophthalmology. Some of the more common optical problems associated with intraocular lenses are presented and the methods for their solutions are illustrated and explain...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(79)90146-2
更新日期：1979-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A case is presented of a 16-year-old anticoagulated, immunocompromised male presenting with a blind, proptotic left eye, total ophthalmoplegia, and central retinal artery occlusion. Ophthalmic examination revealed other features of the orbital apex syndrome. Mucormycosis misdiagnosed as a traumatic orbital hemorrhage ...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(87)90106-8
更新日期：1987-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 46-year-old extremely obese black woman presented with headaches, blurred vision, and visual obscurations. Her exam was notable for bilateral severe papilledema, retinal hemorrhages, and lethargy. Her CAT scan was normal, and a spinal tap revealed a very high opening pressure. Although this patient's presentation mi...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(05)80108-0
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Most of current concepts for a visual prosthesis are based on neuronal electrical stimulation at different locations along the visual pathways within the central nervous system. The different designs of visual prostheses are named according to their locations (i.e., cortical, optic nerve, subretinal, and epiretinal). ...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00311-9
更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A comparison has been made between pars plana lansectomy and intracapsular cataract extraction Pars plana lensectomy has been shown to have many advantages. It is applicable to any age, while intracapsular cataract extraction is restricted to patients over 30 years old. It can be used in any type of cataract, whereas ...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(82)90191-6
更新日期：1982-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Retinitis pigmentosa is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of hereditary disorders in which there is progressive loss of photoreceptor and pigment epithelial function. The prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa is between 1/3000 and 1/5000 making it one of the most common causes of visual impairment in all a...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(88)90085-9
更新日期：1988-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium is a prominent feature of many chorio-retinal disease processes, the most prevalent of which is age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium may or may not be associated with choroidal neovascularization and may be caused by different...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.02.008
更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the present study the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) and pulsatile ocular blood flow (POBF) in low tension glaucoma (LTG) has been investigated. The POBF was measured using the Ocular Blood Flow system of Langham in undisturbed eyes and repeated at IOP increments of about 5 and 10 mmHg in 20 patien...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(94)90064-7
更新日期：1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A macular hole is a full-thickness defect of retinal tissue involving the anatomic fovea, thereby affecting central visual acuity. Macular holes have been associated with myriad ocular conditions and originally were described in the setting of trauma. The pathogenesis of idiopathic, age-related macular holes remains u...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(97)00132-x
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful, non-invasive technique for mapping human brain function. Because of the robust signal intensity changes associated with visual stimuli, fMRI is particularly useful for studying visual cortex (including both striate and extrastriate cortex). Also, activation o...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00356-9
更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Typical optic neuritis is an idiopathic demyelinating condition that is often associated with multiple sclerosis. This has been well characterized and has an excellent prognosis. Atypical optic neuritis can result from an inflammatory, infectious, or autoimmune disorder. Differentiating the two types of optic neuritis...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.06.001
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pseudoxanthoma elasticum is an autosomally inherited disorder that is associated with the accumulation of mineralized and fragmented elastic fibers in the skin, Bruch's membrane in the retina, and vessel walls. The ophthalmic and dermatologic expression of pseudoxanthoma elasticum and its vascular complications are he...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(03)00053-5
更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent clinical trials have changed the management paradigm for diabetic macular edema (DME). There is an urgent need to identify the most effective ways of preventing retinopathy or intervening at an early, asymptomatic stage in order to preserve vision. The rise in the incidence of diabetes is a serious public healt...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.10.002
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Phosphorus (31P) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) represents a noninvasive technique for the assessment of ocular metabolism. The measurement of a spectrum of phosphorus-containing metabolites (e.g., phosphorylated sugars and ATP), including a number of heretofore uncharacterized metabolites, can be made with a single...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(85)90063-3
更新日期：1985-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mitochondrial diseases frequently manifest neuro-ophthalmologic symptoms and signs. Because of the predilection of mitochondrial disorders to involve the optic nerves, extraocular muscles, retina, and even the retrochiasmal visual pathways, the ophthalmologist is often the first physician to be consulted. Disorders ca...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.10.002
更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The possible applications of biofeedback to the treatment of ophthalmologic disorders is reviewed. Studies have suggested utility in the management of blepharospasms, strabismus, nystagmus, and other eye movement disorders as well as the training of voluntary control of accommodation. Limitations of the current litera...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(83)90195-9
更新日期：1983-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Latent herpes simplex virus (HSV) is known to reside in the trigeminal ganglia. Our studies show that the temporary retrobulbar disruption of trigeminal nerve function in chronically infected animals caused a striking decrease in the number of positive HSV cultures obtained during the 20 weeks immediately following su...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(76)90098-9
更新日期：1976-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Heavy eye syndrome is an important type of myopia-induced strabismus. We provide an overview of heavy eye syndrome, from its history to its most salient features. The theory of the orbital and rectus muscle pulley system as it relates to heavy eye syndrome and the prevailing theories on the pathophysiology of heavy ey...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.06.001
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A ten-day ophthalmology clerkship for third-year medical students is described. The curriculum, detailed in a day-by-day syllabus, sets specific student goals, evaluates attainment of the goals by a pre-post test, utilizes a student-oriented study guide keyed to major textbrooks as core material with slide-tape and vi...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(77)90090-x
更新日期：1977-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Once we understand that an increase in the size of the optic disk cup is due to loss of optic nerve fibers combined with some physical tissue rearrangements, it is quite clear that cupping begins as soon as nerve loss begins. Methods to detect cupping are more sensitive to the earliest glaucoma damage than are present...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(85)90080-3
更新日期：1985-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Orbital inflammation is a response of the immune system and not a diagnosis in itself. Exposing the underlying disease introduces a labyrynthine challenge owing to the broad array of possible causes ranging from infectious, structural, autoimmune, idiopathic to neoplastic origin. In this regard, and despite its unkown...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.03.002
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Suprachoroidal hemorrhage is a feared complication of all types of intraocular surgery. Although rare, it is typically associated with severe visual disability, and this has prompted efforts to better understand the pathogenesis of this condition, to identify the patients at risk for this event, and to improve treatme...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(99)00037-5
更新日期：1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The onset of scleral necrosis after ocular surgery may have catastrophic ocular and systemic consequences. The two most frequent surgeries causing surgically-induced scleral necrosis (SISN) are pterygium excision and cataract extraction. Several pathogenic mechanisms are involved in surgically induced scleral necrosis...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.12.008
更新日期：2021-01-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Congenital corneal anesthesia is a rare clinical entity that poses a diagnostic dilemma, particularly in the pediatric age group. The sensory deficit may be confined to the cornea, or extend to other divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The sensory deficit may occur as an isolated abnormality, as part of a complex neuro...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2006.10.004
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent literature suggests that the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis is variable and may be on the rise. This article reviews established perioperative preventative measures, and discusses some possible causes of postoperative endophthalmitis that may be insufficiently addressed by current risk reduction tec...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2004.01.002
更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The court decisions included in this article reflect judicial attitudes towards medicolegal cases in most states. The courts have defined and amplified issues of informed consent, the physician's duty to warn patients and protect third parties, the limitations of the "Good Samaritan" statute, the responsibility of the...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(87)90071-3
更新日期：1987-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Angle-closure glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Diagnosis and treatment are intricately related to angle assessment techniques. This article reviews the literature on angle assessment and provides recommendations about optimal techniques based on the published evidence. Specifically, we review gon...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.10.012
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The light and electron microscopic findings are reviewed in two patients who had eyes enucleated for peripheral choroidal malignant melanomas. Preoperatively, cystoid macular edema was documented by fluorescein angiography in the melanoma-containing eye in both patients. Intracytoplasmic swelling (edema) of the Müller...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(84)90233-9
更新日期：1984-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A two-year-old full-term boy with a history of an intermittent exotropia presented to the pediatric ophthalmology clinic for routine follow-up. He was found to have a stable sensorimotor examination however dilated funduscopic examination of the right eye was significant for a dim foveal reflex with a new discrete, wh...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.12.003
更新日期：2020-12-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Paranasal sinus osteoma is a slow-growing, benign, encapsulated bony tumor that may be commonly asymptomatic, being detected incidentally in 1% of plain sinus radiographs or in 3% of sinus computerized tomographic scans. In a patient presenting with orbital cellulitis and epiphora, computed tomography disclosed a larg...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(99)00004-1
更新日期：1999-03-01 00:00:00
