Abstract:
:The first part of this paper focuses on the secondary immunodeficiencies caused by immunosuppressive drugs and environmental chemicals. The mechanism of action and the therapeutic effects of azathioprine, glucocorticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin A, and anticancer drugs will be discussed. The immunotoxic actions of benzene, polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls, tetrachlorodibenzo-paradioxin, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, various insecticides, metals and abused drugs or drugs with side effects are also described. Immunorestorative approaches are discussed in the second part, based on our current knowledge of the immune system and the lymphokines and hormones involved in its function. The usefulness of thymic hormones, interleukin 2, macrophage growth factor/colony stimulating factor, and interferons as immunotherapeutic agents is considered. In addition, we address chemically defined drugs, such as levamisole, diethyldithiocarbamate, isoprinosine, muramyl dipeptides, azimexon, ciamexon, bestatin, tuftsin, and pyrimidinoles, and finally conclude that combined use of different immunostimulants may be the most effective way to treat the above mentioned immunodeficiencies.
journal_name
Toxicol Patholjournal_title
Toxicologic pathologyauthors
Caspritz G,Hadden Jdoi
10.1177/019262338701500310subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1987-01-01 00:00:00pages
320-32issue
3eissn
0192-6233issn
1533-1601journal_volume
15pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The toxic effects of a mixture of 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA), benzanthracene (BA), and dinitropyrene isomers (DNP), and the toxic effects of these compounds individually, were investigated in the Fischer-344 rat following dietary exposure via a powdered basal diet. Animals were sacrificed at 14-, 30-, and 80-days of die...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/019262301316905291
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::This brief review summarizes our current understanding of vasculitis mediated by phlogistic immune complexes. The Arthus reaction and serum sickness both represent experimental models for immune complex disease. Immune complex phenomena occur in conjunction with C3 deficiency of dogs during canine distemper virus infe...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1177/019262338901700107
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Helicobacter hepaticus infection induces sustained inflammation and carcinoma of the liver in A/JCr mice, and serves as a model of human cancers associated with viral hepatitis and H. pylorichronic gastritis. Here we describe the pathogenesis of premalignant disease in A/JCr mice infected with H. hepaticus. We inocula...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/01926230490524247
更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Whole mount enzyme histochemistry to localize lacZ-bearing transgenes (lacZ-WMH) also detects endogenous beta-galactosidases. The experiments reported here evaluated lacZ-WMH as a potential tool for transgene expression analysis during high-throughput rodent necropsies. A lacZ-WMH survey of organs from adult, wild-typ...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623307312693
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Residency in cities with high air pollution is associated with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in healthy children, young adults, and dogs. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may offer neuroprotection. The authors measured the plasma concentrations of 3-nitrotyrosine and the cerebro-spinal-fluid concentratio...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623309340277
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Slc:Wistar male rats treated with human natural tumor necrosis factor alpha (hn TNF-alpha, 3 X 10(5) Japan reference units/kg intravenously) for 3 months showed histologic vacuolation of basophils in the anterior pituitary, hyperplasia of the thyroidal follicular epithelium, and hyperplasia of the testicular interstit...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/019262339902700403
更新日期:1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Normal retina and its cell layers are essential for processing visual stimuli, and loss of its integrity has been documented in many disease processes. The numbers and the axonal processes of retinal ganglion cells are reduced substantially in glaucoma, leading to vision loss and blindness. Similarly, selective loss o...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623320976375
更新日期:2020-12-31 00:00:00
abstract::BMS-645737, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-2 and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor-1, has anti-angiogenic activity and was evaluated in nonclinical studies as a treatment for cancer. This article characterizes the BMS-645737-induced clinical, gross, and histologic lesions of i...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623309357950
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Effective wound healing leads to restoration of tissue integrity and occurs through a highly organized multistage process involving various cell types. Currently, methods for wound healing assessment lack a structured system for analysis of quantitative parameters. We have established a unique quantitative assessment ...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/01926230701584189
更新日期:2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has affected business on numerous fronts in unprecedented and abrupt ways. From site closures and local "stay-at-home orders" to travel advisories and restrictions, the day-to-day practice of toxicologic pathology has been impacted dramatically and rapidly. A critical function of ...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623320964087
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past decade, laser capture microdissection (LCM) has grown as a tool for gene expression profiling of small numbers of cells from tumor samples and of specific cell populations in complex tissues. LCM can be used to study toxicant effects on selected cell populations within the testis at different stages of s...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623314526319
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pentostatin, an adenosine deaminase inhibitor, has been approved for the treatment of refractory hairy cell leukemia. In a preclinical toxicity study, Wistar rats were administered 0, 1, 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg (0, 6, 60, 150, and 300 mg/m2, respectively) pentostatin intravenously once a week for 26 wk (1.5-75-fold above...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/019262339402200506
更新日期:1994-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The title of the 2016 Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) Symposium was the "Basis and Relevance of Variation in Toxicologic Responses." Many factors may contribute to variation in toxicologic responses and can confound results, complicate interpretation of data, interfere with reproducibility, and make extrapolati...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623316675765
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Minipigs are now used in greater numbers in contract research organizations (CROs) as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. Most CROs or pharmaceutical companies use the Göttingen minipig, which displays a number of important background lesions. This review will discuss some of the more infrequent minipig background...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1177/0192623315622423
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nedocromil sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to control asthmatic attacks. Our hypothesis is that nedocromil sodium inhibits virus-induced airway inflammation, a common trigger of asthma. We nebulized nedocromil sodium into beagle dogs (n = 10, mean +/- SEM ages: 149 +/- 13 days) before and after in...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/019262330002800212
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::One of the biggest challenges in drug development is interpretation of findings suggestive of immunostimulation, particularly when the findings are unexpected based on the known mechanism of action of the drug. Findings suggestive of immunostimulation do not necessarily preclude development of the drug. By understandi...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623313513075
更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alloxan-induced diabetic rats frequently exhibit proliferative lesions of squamous hyperplasia accompanied by chronic inflammation and Candida albicans infection in the forestomach, and some lesions progress to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Candida infection causes not only hyperplastic changes with inflammation but ...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623309344204
更新日期:2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Our previous studies showed that protein kinase Cepsilon (PKCepsilon) verexpression in mouse skin resulted in metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) elicited by single 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-initiation and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-promotion in the absence of preceding papilloma forma...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/01926230701748164
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the conduct of in vivo toxicology studies, in-life, clinical pathology, and anatomic pathology parameters are collected and interpreted. These sets of parameters are evaluated in an integrative manner to determine the overall toxicity of a test article. For clinical pathology parameters, the inherent variabilit...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623314555340
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A comparative study of histochemical detection of eosinophils in fixed murine tissue is lacking. Five histochemical methods previously reported for eosinophil detection were quantitatively and qualitatively compared in an established murine RSV vaccine-enhanced inflammation model. Nonspecific neutrophil staining was e...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623308329342
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have previously indicated that the ideal animal tumor model should mimic the human disease. This means that the investigator should be able to ascertain the influence of host factors on the initiation of tumorigenesis, mimic the susceptibility of tumor response based on age and reproductive history, and determine t...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1177/0192623314532036
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The handling-induced dark neuron is a histological artifact observed in brain samples handled before fixation with aldehydes. To explore associations between dark neurons and immunohistochemical alterations in mouse brains, we examined protein products encoded by Cav3 (neuronal perikarya/neurites), Rbbp4 (neuronal nuc...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623319896263
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Artemin (ART) signals through the GFR alpha-3/RET receptor complex to support sympathetic neuron development. Here we show that ART also influences autonomic elements in adrenal medulla and enteric and pelvic ganglia. Transgenic mice over-expressing Art throughout development exhibited systemic autonomic neural lesion...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/01926230490431475
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) from several classes of molecules are currently in drug development. Despite over 20 years of pharmaceutical research, few ASOs have been marketed due to problems with clinical efficacy or preclinical toxicologic challenges. However, a number of recent developments have renewed i...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1177/0192623314551840
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aging is a multifactorial process associated with functional deficits, and the brain is more prone to developing chronic degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Several groups have tried to correlate the age-related ultrastructural alterations to the neurodegeneration process using in vivo pharmacological m...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623318767065
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The objective was to determine the respiratory toxicity of MAP0004, orally inhaled dihydroergotamine (DHE), via inhalation for six months. Forty beagle dogs (twenty females, twenty males) were treated by nose-only inhalation for 182 days. Groups 2 through 5 received MAP0004 (mean doses: 0.045, 0.154, 0.44, 0.825 mg/kg...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623311399786
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In non-rodent toxicity studies supporting pharmaceutical or chemical product registration, the value of histopathology evaluation of all tissues from all animals from all dose groups is an ongoing discussion topic among pathologists. This manuscript documents an examination of this topic through a retrospective review...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623312439642
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The objectives of this session were to explore causes of variability in clinical pathology data due to preanalytical and analytical variables as well as study design and other procedures that occur in toxicity testing studies. The presenters highlighted challenges associated with such variability in differentiating te...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623316675766
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In tissue slice models, interactions between the heterogeneous cell types comprising the lung parenchyma are maintained thus providing a controlled system for the study of pulmonary toxicology in vitro. However, validation of the model in vitro system must be affirmed. Previous reports, in in vivo systems, have demons...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/01926230390183689
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::We investigated, morphologically and immunohistochemically, 74 medullary adrenal tumors, including 64 pheochromocytomas (14 malignant and 50 benign), 9 ganglioneuromas, and 1 malignant schwannoma. The tumors were detected in 2-year-old Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats from carcinogenicity studies. Morphologically, benig...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/01926230290105668
更新日期:2002-07-01 00:00:00