Abstract:
:Normal retina and its cell layers are essential for processing visual stimuli, and loss of its integrity has been documented in many disease processes. The numbers and the axonal processes of retinal ganglion cells are reduced substantially in glaucoma, leading to vision loss and blindness. Similarly, selective loss of photoreceptors in age-related macular degeneration and hereditary retinal dystrophies also results in the compromise of visual acuity. Development of genetically modified mice has led to increased understanding of the pathogenesis of many retinal diseases. Similarly, in this digital era, usage of modalities to quantify the retinal cell loss has grown exponentially leading to a better understanding of the suitability of animal models to study human retinal diseases. These quantification modalities provide valuable quantifiable data in studying pathogenesis and disease progression. This review will discuss the immunohistochemical markers for various retinal cells, available automated tools to quantify retinal cells, and present an example of retinal ganglion cell quantification using HALO image analysis platform. Additionally, we briefly review retinal cell types and subtypes, salient features of retina in various laboratory animal species, and a few of the main disease processes that affect retinal cell numbers in humans.
journal_name
Toxicol Patholjournal_title
Toxicologic pathologyauthors
Muthuswamy A,Chen H,Hu Y,Turner OC,Aina OHdoi
10.1177/0192623320976375subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-12-31 00:00:00pages
192623320976375eissn
0192-6233issn
1533-1601pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Weak peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α agonists (fibrates) are used to treat dyslipidemia. This study compared the effects of the potent and selective PPARα agonist CP-778875 on peroxisomal β-oxidation and cardiac and/or skeletal muscle injury with those of the weak PPARα agonist fenofibrate. We hypo...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623311431945
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::After 15 years of existence, the ACVP/STP Coalition for Veterinary Pathology Fellows will dissolve, primarily due to lack of renewed financial sponsorship. While in operation, the Coalition organized 32 new training position for veterinary pathologists, supported by $7.4 M from sponsors, including pharmaceutical and b...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623320917970
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This report describes the findings of preclinical testing of SCH 351591, a selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, in CD-1 mice over a wide range of doses, in which the heart and reproductive organs of both sexes demonstrated toxic effects. Repeat-dose toxicity studies assessed 5, 15, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623310370463
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tubular injury sensitizes glomeruli to injury. We review potential mechanisms of this tubuloglomerular cross talk. In the same nephron, tubular injury can cause stenosis of the glomerulotubular junction and finally result in atubular glomeruli. Tubular injury also affects glomerular filtration function through tubulog...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1177/0192623318796784
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In carcinogenicity studies with PPAR gamma and alpha/gamma agonists, urinary bladder tumors have been reported in Harlan Sprague-Dawley (HSD) and Charles River Sprague-Dawley (SD) but not Wistar (WI) rats, with urolithiasis purported to be the inciting event. In two 3-month studies, the authors investigated strain-rel...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623309332990
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The administration of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) provides an exciting emerging therapeutic modality for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease, a condition that is associated with critical limb ischemia as its end stage. Placental-derived MSCs, termed PLX-PAD cells, are stable adhesive stromal cells isolat...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623309338383
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent advances in immunocytochemical techniques allow the localization of specific antigens in tissue sections. The work reported here attempts to evaluate the application of antibody-labeled, disease-related protein, followed by microscopy and computerized image analysis. Using an experimental anti-tumor, polyclonal...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/019262338701500308
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Blood platelets play a fundamental role in hemostasis and thrombosis. The physiological role of platelets is to preserve the integrity of the cardiovascular system such that upon injury platelets are activated and serve to interrupt a potentially deleterious situation (i.e., hemorrhage). However, platelets are also in...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/019262339302100210
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Seventeen mesotheliomas from 395 untreated male Fischer 344/DuCrj rats were studied by light and electron microscopy to define the morphological characteristics of the tumors. In 16 out of 17 rats, mesotheliomas were observed in the abdominal and/or scrotal sac, and the other one was localized on the pleura. Grossly, ...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/019262338701500205
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Zibotentan, an endothelin-A receptor antagonist, has been used in the treatment of various cardiovascular disorders and neoplasia. Castrated athymic nude mice receiving zibotentan for a preclinical xenograft efficacy study experienced weight loss, gastrointestinal bloat, and the presence of an audible respiratory clic...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623318816295
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nephrotoxic renal injury, and especially drug nephrotoxicity is now a common cause of acute renal failure. The most common patterns of renal injury produced by nephrotoxins, tubular damage, and interstitial nephritis, are discussed here. Toxic agents which are primarily tubular toxins include certain antibiotics, cisp...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/019262338601400106
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) from several classes of molecules are currently in drug development. Despite over 20 years of pharmaceutical research, few ASOs have been marketed due to problems with clinical efficacy or preclinical toxicologic challenges. However, a number of recent developments have renewed i...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1177/0192623314551840
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oxymetholone has been identified as a suspected nongenotoxic carcinogen and has recently completed testing in a conventional National Toxicology Program (NTP) 2-yr rodent bioassay program. As a synthetic androgen with a limited historical database in toxicology, oxymetholone is an ideal candidate for prospective exami...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1177/019262339902700503
更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies of xenobiotic biotransformation by in vitro techniques are destined to play an increasingly important role in assessing the safety and efficacy of drugs and other new chemical entities. The first part of this article summarizes some of the in vitro techniques that have been developed to evaluate xenobiotics as...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::ISIS 2302 is a phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide with a sequence complementary to the mRNA of human intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). Hybridization of ISIS 2302 to the mRNA inhibits expression of the ICAM-1 protein in response to inflammatory stimuli. A murine active antisense oligonucleotide, ISIS 3082,...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1177/019262339902700117
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We describe 2 cases of a relatively rare tumor diagnosed as pituicytoma in the pars nervosa of rat pituitary. This tumor was spontaneously noted in one 110-week-old female and one 109-week-old male Fischer 344 (F344)/DuCrj rats during 2-year carcinogenicity studies. Although no gross abnormality of the pituitary was d...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/019262330002800612
更新日期:2000-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pepsinogens are acid protease enzymes of pepsin usually found in gastric mucosa. In the present study, we demonstrated the presence of pepsinogen isozymes in male Syrian golden hamster lung tissues by a combined immunohistochemical and biochemical approach. Immunohistochemically, using rat pepsinogen 1 antibody, pepsi...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/019262339101900305
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists and PPARγ/α dual agonists are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemias. In carcinogenicity studies, some of these agonists induced hemangiomas/hemangiosarcomas in mice, but not in rats. We hypothesized that increased endothe...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623311422080
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aging is a multifactorial process associated with functional deficits, and the brain is more prone to developing chronic degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Several groups have tried to correlate the age-related ultrastructural alterations to the neurodegeneration process using in vivo pharmacological m...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623318767065
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Historical control tumor data are useful in the interpretation of long-term rodent carcinogenicity bioassays, especially to assess the occurrence of rare tumors and marginally increased tumor incidences. The major prerequisites to compare historical control data with studies under evaluation are the validity and consi...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/01926230252824743
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alloxan-induced diabetic rats frequently exhibit proliferative lesions of squamous hyperplasia accompanied by chronic inflammation and Candida albicans infection in the forestomach, and some lesions progress to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Candida infection causes not only hyperplastic changes with inflammation but ...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623309344204
更新日期:2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A rat liver foci bioassay (RLFB) based on an initiation-promotion protocol employing preneoplastic foci of altered hepatocytes (FAH) as an endpoint, was prevalidated in 5 different laboratories. FAH were identified by immunohistochemical demonstration of glutathione-S-transferase (placental form, GSTP) and by staining...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/01926230390173888
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatic microsomal enzymes play an important role in thyroid hormone homeostasis. Glucuronidation of thyroxine is the rate limiting step in the biliary excretion of thyroxine in the rat; the monodeiodinases are important in the conversion of T4 to T3 and reverse T3 and subsequent deiodinations. Phenobarbital is known ...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1177/019262338901700206
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mer proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase (MerTK), which is expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), regulates phagocytosis of shed photoreceptor outer segments (POS). To investigate the effects of drug-induced MerTK inhibition on the retina, UNC569, a specific MerTK inhibitor, was orally administered to male mice ...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623317749469
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Environmental pollutants, chemicals, and drugs have an impact on children's immune system development. Mexico City (MC) children exposed to significant concentrations of air pollutants exhibit chronic respiratory inflammation, systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation, and cognitive deficits. We tested the hypothesis t...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623308329340
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Osteogenic Protein-1 (OP-1) is a bone morphogen involved in tissue repair and development. We have shown that OP-1 is downregulated during acute ischemic renal injury. Here we report the use of the rat remnant kidney model (RRKM) to evaluate changes in kidney OP-1 expression during chronic injury, and determine if tre...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/01926230490440925
更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cyclodextrins are oligosaccharides which are used in the pharmaceutical industry and research as vehicles for application of apolar substances such as steroids. The aim of this study was to examine the long-term effects of parenteral administration of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) on bone. Sham-operated (SH...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623312441405
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alternate transgenic mouse models are accepted as replacements for the standard carcinogenicity mouse bioassay by regulatory agencies with a companion 2-year rat bioassay. The slower rate of industry acceptance of these shorter transgenic mouse cancer bioassays has been due to lack of historical data and diagnostic cr...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0192623311436181
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many common inflammatory disorders are characterized by the infiltration of neutrophils across epithelial lined (mucosal) surfaces resulting in disruption of critical barrier function that protects from microbes and noxious agents. In such conditions, disease symptoms are complex but directly related to leukocyte effe...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1177/0192623313511336
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The spleen contains hematopoietic and lymphoid elements, is a primary site of extramedullary hematopoiesis, and removes degenerate and aged red blood cells as well as particulate materials and circulating bacteria from the blood supply. Lesions of this important component of the immune system may center on the red pul...
journal_title:Toxicologic pathology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/01926230600867750
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00