Abstract：
:Long-term depression at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses plays a principal role in learning in the cerebellum, which acts as a supervised learning machine. Recent experiments demonstrate various forms of synaptic plasticity at different sites within the cerebellum. In this article, we take into consideration synaptic plasticity at parallel fiber-molecular layer interneuron synapses as well as at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses, and propose that the cerebellar cortex performs reinforcement learning, another form of learning that is more capable than supervised learning. We posit that through the use of reinforcement learning, the need for explicit teacher signals for learning in the cerebellum is eliminated; instead, learning can occur via responses from evaluative feedback. We demonstrate the learning capacity of cerebellar reinforcement learning using simple computer simulations of delay eyeblink conditioning and the cart-pole balancing task.
journal_name
Neurosci Resjournal_title
Neuroscience researchauthors
Yamazaki T,Lennon Wdoi
10.1016/j.neures.2019.03.001subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-11-01 00:00:00pages
1-8eissn
0168-0102issn
1872-8111pii
S0168-0102(18)30509-1journal_volume
148pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Adaptive changes in initial eye velocity of pursuit eye movement were examined in nine normal subjects using a target that moved in a multiple ramp fashion. Significant changes in initial eye velocity occurred rapidly after training in six of the subjects. The magnitude and direction of the induced changes were a func...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0168-0102(96)01068-1
更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We recorded 101 neurons in the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) of 3 rhesus monkeys. The neurons were tested in a variety of oculomotor paradigms. This report focusses on the modulation of NOT neuronal activity during smooth pursuit eye movements. A small horizontally moving spot (less than 1 degrees) elicited a direc...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0168-0102(91)90103-6
更新日期：1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We investigated how much time wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans (Bristol N2) nematodes and the GABA-deficient unc25 mutant and the vesicular GABA transporter-deficient unc47 mutant spent moving. The worms were allowed to move freely on the surface of agarose plates either with or without the food bacterium OP50. We ide...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0168-0102(00)00148-6
更新日期：2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The pattern of distribution of cholinergic fibers was examined immunohistochemically in the cat superior colliculus by using a monoclonal antibody against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). In the superficial layers, an obvious immunoreactive zone was found in the rostral two-thirds of the outer portion of the superfic...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0168-0102(89)90004-7
更新日期：1989-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have been advocating cognitive developmental robotics to obtain new insight into the development of human cognitive functions by utilizing synthetic and constructive approaches. Among the different emotional functions, empathy is difficult to model, but essential for robots to be social agents in our society. In my...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2014.12.002
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) mRNA-positive cells were visualized by non-isotopic in situ hybridization histochemistry in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and the preoptic area (POA) in gonadectomized juvenile female and male rats. In the rostral POA (rPOA) at the level of the anteroventr...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0168-0102(02)00025-1
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0168-0102(00)00228-5
更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2008.10.007
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pathological gambling (PG) is a non-substance based addiction that shares many behavioral and neural features with substance based addictions. However, in PG behavioral and neural changes are unlikely to be confounded by effects of acute or chronic drug exposure. Changes in reward based decision-making in particular i...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2014.09.008
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2013.09.004
更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0168-0102(93)90032-l
更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2009.08.017
更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Excitatory synaptic connections between rat hippocampal neurons were established in tissue culture. The electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of these synapses were studied with the use of the tight-seal whole-cell recording technique. The excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) in a dissociated CA1 neuro...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0168-0102(91)90101-4
更新日期：1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent advances in our understanding of brain function have come from using light to either control or image neuronal activity. Here we describe an approach that combines both techniques: a micromirror array is used to photostimulate populations of presynaptic neurons expressing channelrhodopsin-2, while a red-shifted...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2012.11.006
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2018.08.007
更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0168-0102(97)00130-2
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0168-0102(00)00175-9
更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2005.06.021
更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0168-0102(86)90004-0
更新日期：1986-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0168-0102(99)00107-8
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2017.06.004
更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2003.09.006
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:POZ/BTB proteins influence cellular development and in some examples act as oncoproteins. However, several POZ/BTB transcription factors have been found in terminally differentiated neurons, where their functions remain unknown. One example is NAC1, a constitutively-expressed protein that can regulate behaviors associ...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0168-0102(03)00024-5
更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The role of GABA in medial preoptico-anterior hypothalamic area in the regulation of spontaneous sleep-wakefulness and rapid eye movement sleep was investigated in this study. Local microinjection of picrotoxin, a GABA-A antagonist, into this area increased quiet wakefulness but significantly reduced deep sleep and ra...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0168-0102(99)00013-9
更新日期：1999-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reflex blinking provides a useful experimental tool for various functional studies on the peripheral and central nervous system, yet the neuronal circuitry underlying this reflex is not precisely known. In the present study, we investigated as to whether neurons in the reticular formation and rostral cervical spinal c...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2006.08.005
更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Expressions of Cry1 and Cry2 mRNA in the rat pineal gland were examined by Northern blot. The levels of Cry1 and Cry2 transcript had a marked circadian rhythm with peaks at circadian time (CT) 20 in constant darkness. But the amplitude of the Cry1 rhythm was higher than that of the Cry2 rhythm. Furthermore, a signific...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0168-0102(01)00255-3
更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have generated a transgenic mouse model in which astrocytes express an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the mouse glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter. EGFP, which is characteristically found throughout the cell, was expressed in these animals even in astrocytic fine process...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2003.08.008
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neurons in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex respond not only to the shape, color or texture of objects, but to the horizontal positional disparity of visual features in the right and left retinal images. IT neurons with similar shape selectivity cluster in columns. In this study, we examined how IT neurons are spatia...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2003.10.008
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) acting on the first dorsal interosseus was measured using paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (interstimulus interval=2ms) in samples of young and healthy older subjects and correlated with manual dexterity measured with the Purdue Pegboard test and two isometr...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2011.04.004
更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant that causes damage to dopamine (DA) axons and to non-monoaminergic neurons in the brain. The aim of the present study was to investigate short- and long-term effects of neurotoxic METH treatment on novelty-induced locomotor activity in mice. Male BALB/c mice, 12-14 weeks old...
journal_title：Neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neures.2009.06.007
更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00
