Glutamate opens Na+/K+ channels in cultured astrocytes.

abstract：:Gap junctions are regarded as the primary pathway underlying propagation of Ca2+ waves between astrocytes, although signaling through extracellular space may also contribute. Results obtained from astrocytes cultured from sibling Cx43 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice in six litters showed that Ca2+ waves propagat...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Scemes E,Dermietzel R,Spray DC

更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A growth cone-enriched fraction was prepared from 3-4 day rat cerebra. Examination of the growth cone fraction by electron microscopy revealed numerous structures circular in appearance that contain a number of features common to neuronal growth cones in vivo. The isolated growth cones stimulated a dose-dependent inco...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Dent EW,Ida JA Jr,Yoshino JE

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Microglial cells are the resident macrophages that are involved in brain injuries and infections. Recent studies using transcranial two-photon microscopy have shown that ATP and P2Y receptors mediated rapid chemotactic responses of miroglia to local injury. However, the molecular mechanism for microglial chemotaxis to...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Wu LJ,Vadakkan KI,Zhuo M

更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuroaxonal degeneration is a pathological hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) contributing to irreversible neurological disability. Pathological mechanisms leading to axonal damage include autoimmunity to neuronal antigens. In actively demyelinating lesions, myelin is phagocytosed by microglia and blood-borne macroph...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Huizinga R,van der Star BJ,Kipp M,Jong R,Gerritsen W,Clarner T,Puentes F,Dijkstra CD,van der Valk P,Amor S

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite decades of research, primary brain tumors, gliomas, lack effective treatment options and present a huge clinical challenge. Particularly, the most malignant subtype, Glioblastoma multiforme, proliferates extensively and cells often undergo incomplete cell divisions, resulting in multinucleated cells. We now pr...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Bomben VC,Sontheimer H

更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this study, we investigated the involvement of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the brain of the dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse, an experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). To this purpose, we used two tight junction markers, the Zonula occludens (ZO-1) and claudin-1 proteins, and a glial marker, th...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Nico B,Frigeri A,Nicchia GP,Corsi P,Ribatti D,Quondamatteo F,Herken R,Girolamo F,Marzullo A,Svelto M,Roncali L

更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The phenotype of a fully differentiated, mature Schwann cell is apparently largely determined by Schwann cell-axon interactions. In vitro, elevation of intracellular cAMP levels in Schwann cells induces a phenotype which resembles that of a mature, i.e., axon-related, Schwann cell. Therefore, an important role for cAM...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Mews M,Meyer M

更新日期：1993-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Apoptosis of dentate granular cells in the hippocampal formation during bacterial meningitis may be mediated by glutamate toxicity. For this reason, we studied the relationship between glutamine synthetase activity and regional neuronal apoptosis in rabbits with experimental pneumococcal meningitis. The duration of me...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Tumani H,Smirnov A,Barchfeld S,Olgemöller U,Maier K,Lange P,Brück W,Nau R

更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The present study was focused on identifying the expression of N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits on activated microglia and to determine their role in the pathogenesis of periventricular white matter damage (PWMD) in neonatal rats following hypoxia. One day old wistar rats were subjected to hypoxia (5% O(...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Murugan M,Sivakumar V,Lu J,Ling EA,Kaur C

更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Kainate (KA), quisqualate (QA), and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) stimulated gamma-aminobutyric acid [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from cultured cerebellar type 2 astrocytes and from their bipotential precursors. The evoked release was prevented by the antagonist 6-cyano-...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Gallo V,Patrizio M,Levi G

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Injection of Fluoro-Gold (FG) into the whisker pad of rats yields a stable retrograde labeling of facial motoneurons. After removal of 10 mm from the facial nerve the microglia phagocytose the FG-prelabeled dead neurons and assume the label. A subsequent brightfield immunostaining of the sections with HRP-DAB as end-p...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Angelov DN,Neiss WF,Streppel M,Walther M,Guntinas-Lichius O,Stennert E

更新日期：1996-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Microglia show a rich repertoire of activation patterns regulated by a complex ensemble of surface ion channels, receptors, and transporters. We and others have investigated whether microglia vary their K+ channel expression as a means to achieve functional diversity. However, most of the prior studies were conducted ...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Di Lucente J,Nguyen HM,Wulff H,Jin LW,Maezawa I

更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The X-linked mutation rumpshaker (rsh), which is probably an allele of jimpy (jp), causes hypomyelination in the CNS of mice. This study examines the developmental expression of the morphology, glial cells, and immunostaining of myelin proteins in the optic nerve and spinal cord. The optic nerve contains varying numbe...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Fanarraga ML,Griffiths IR,McCulloch MC,Barrie JA,Kennedy PG,Brophy PJ

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Previous studies suggest that glial cells contribute to synaptogenesis in specific neurons from the postnatal CNS. Here, we studied whether this is true for Purkinje cells (PCs), which represent a unique neuronal cell type due to their large size, massive synaptic input, and high vulnerability. Using new glia-free cul...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Buard I,Steinmetz CC,Claudepierre T,Pfrieger FW

更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When the brain is damaged, astrocytes often cause hyperplasia resulting in glial scar formation at the injured sites. Endothelins (ETs) have been shown to be involved in the pathophysiologic responses of astrocytes, including proliferation. In this study, we examined the mechanisms underlying the ET-induced astrocytic...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Koyama Y,Yoshioka Y,Matsuda T,Baba A

更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Even though the immune privileged status of the central nervous system (CNS) limits access of systemic immune cells through the blood brain barrier (BBB), an immune response can occur in this compartment with or without major breach of the BBB. In this review, we consider properties of resident cells of the CNS, that ...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Becher B,Prat A,Antel JP

更新日期：2000-02-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) is a Ca2+ binding peptide expressed predominantly by activated monocytes. In order to investigate the role of AIF-1 in autoimmune lesions of the rat nervous system, we have used a synthetic gene to express AIF-1 in E. coli and have produced monoclonal antibodies against AIF-1. A...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Schluesener HJ,Seid K,Kretzschmar J,Meyermann R

更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Oxidative stress is the main cause of neuronal damage in traumatic brain injury, hypoxia/reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative disorders. Although extracellular nucleosides, especially adenosine, are well known to protect against neuronal damage in such pathological conditions, the effects of these nucleosides or ...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Shinozaki Y,Koizumi S,Ishida S,Sawada J,Ohno Y,Inoue K

更新日期：2005-01-15 00:00:00

abstract：:During action potential conduction, the axonal specializations at the node, together with the adjacent paranodal terminations of the myelin sheath, interact with glial processes that invest the nodal gap. The nature of the mutual signals between axons and myelinating glia, however, are not well understood. Here we hav...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Toews JC,Schram V,Weerth SH,Mignery GA,Russell JT

更新日期：2007-01-15 00:00:00

abstract：:This report describes the development of a new panel of monoclonal antibodies produced following immunization of mice with cultured rat microglial cells. Using these new reagents and previously defined antibodies that bind to microglia or macrophages, the responses of parenchymal microglia, perivascular "microglial" c...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Flaris NA,Densmore TL,Molleston MC,Hickey WF

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the central nervous system. When cultured, these cells express a wide variety of receptors for neurotransmitters. Nonetheless, it has yet to be firmly established that adult astrocytes in situ express receptors for neurotransmitters. In this report the technique of combine...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Salm AK,McCarthy KD

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In previous work, we demonstrated that NF-κB p50 acts as crucial regulator of adult hippocampal neural progenitor cells (ahNPC). Indeed, NF-κB p50 knockout (KO) mice are characterized by remarkably reduced hippocampal neurogenesis. As a follow up to that work, herein we show that when cultured in vitro, ahNPC from wil...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Cvijetic S,Bortolotto V,Manfredi M,Ranzato E,Marengo E,Salem R,Canonico PL,Grilli M

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nogo-A is a potent glial-derived inhibitor of axon growth in the injured CNS and acts as a negative regulator of developmental angiogenesis by inhibiting vascular endothelial cell migration. However, its function in pathological angiogenesis has never been studied after ischemic injury in the CNS. Using the mouse mode...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Joly S,Dejda A,Rodriguez L,Sapieha P,Pernet V

更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During axonal ensheathment, noncompact myelin channels formed at lateral edges of the myelinating process become arranged into tight paranodal spirals that resemble loops when cut in cross section. These adhere to the axon, concentrating voltage-dependent sodium channels at nodes of Ranvier and patterning the surround...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Jarjour AA,Velichkova AN,Boyd A,Lord KM,Torsney C,Henderson DJ,Ffrench-Constant C

更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, have recently been removed from the position of mere sentinels and promoted to the role of active sculptors of developing circuits and cells. Alongside their functions in normal brain development, microglia coordinate sexual differentiation of the brain, a set of proces...

journal_title：Glia

authors： VanRyzin JW,Marquardt AE,Pickett LA,McCarthy MM

更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The predominant glial cells of the drone retina (outer pigment cells) respond to an increase in extracellular [K+] (Ko) by a net uptake of K+; thus, they contribute to bringing Ko back toward its baseline value. The authors report herein that there is also a different mechanism by which light stimulation of the retina...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Coles JA,Schneider-Picard G

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gamma-secretase is an aspartyl protease composed of four proteins: presenilin (PS), nicastrin (Nct), APH1, and PEN2. These proteins assemble into a membrane complex that cleaves a variety of substrates within the transmembrane domain. The gamma-secretase cleavage products play an important role in various biological p...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Nadler Y,Alexandrovich A,Grigoriadis N,Hartmann T,Rao KS,Shohami E,Stein R

更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We have tested the stimulation of Schwann cell migration from the distal stump of a 1 week transected sciatic nerve of adult rats by denervated skeletal muscle. Migrating Schwann cells were distinguished by the presence of non-specific cholinesterase (nChE) activity and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) at a dist...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Dubový P,Svízenská I

更新日期：1994-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:alpha-Syntrophin, a member of the dystrophin-associated protein complex, is required for proper localization of the water channel aquaporin-4 at the blood-brain barrier. Mice lacking alpha-syntrophin have reduced levels of aquaporin-4 in perivascular astroglial endfeet. Consequently, they exhibit reduced edema and inf...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Bragg AD,Amiry-Moghaddam M,Ottersen OP,Adams ME,Froehner SC

更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Microglia are innate immune cells of the central nervous system that sense extracellular cues. Brain injuries, inflammation, and pathology evoke dynamic structural responses in microglia, altering their morphology and motility. The dynamic motility of microglia is hypothesized to be a critical first step in sensing lo...

journal_title：Glia

authors： Umpierre AD,Wu LJ

更新日期：2020-12-28 00:00:00