Abstract:
:Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, have recently been removed from the position of mere sentinels and promoted to the role of active sculptors of developing circuits and cells. Alongside their functions in normal brain development, microglia coordinate sexual differentiation of the brain, a set of processes which vary by region and endpoint like that of microglia function itself. In this review, we highlight the ways microglia are both targets and drivers of brain sexual differentiation. We examine the factors that may drive sex differences in microglia, with a special focus on how changing microenvironments in the developing brain dictate microglia phenotypes and discuss how their diverse functions sculpt lasting sex-specific changes in the brain. Finally, we consider how sex-specific early life environments contribute to epigenetic programming and lasting sex differences in microglia identity.
journal_name
Gliajournal_title
Gliaauthors
VanRyzin JW,Marquardt AE,Pickett LA,McCarthy MMdoi
10.1002/glia.23740subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-06-01 00:00:00pages
1100-1113issue
6eissn
0894-1491issn
1098-1136journal_volume
68pub_type
杂志文章,评审相关文献
GLIA文献大全abstract::This article reviews how the uptake of neurotransmitter by glial amino acid transporters limits the spatial spread of transmitter to preserve the independent operation of nearby synapses, temporally shapes postsynaptic currents, and regulates the effects of tonic transmitter release. We demonstrate the importance of a...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/glia.20027
更新日期:2004-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::Replication-defective Moloney murine leukemia virus expressing the GAD67 gene under the control of the GFAP promoter was produced using selected clones of a fibroblast-packaging cell line. A spontaneously immortalized astrocyte cell line was infected with this virus and cellular clones expressing GAD67 selected. Astro...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199801)22:1<86::aid-glia8>
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Free glycine is known to have vital functions in the mammalian brain, where it serves mainly as both neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. Despite its importance, little is known about the metabolic pathways of glycine synthesis and degradation in the central nervous system. In this study, the pathway of glycine metabo...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199909)27:3<239::aid-glia5
更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Isolated acellular nerve segments protected from migration of Schwann cells and the acellular nerve segments joined with the distal nerve stumps were prepared by a repeated freeze-thaw procedure in the rat sciatic nerves. The presence of laminin-1 and -2, as well as alpha6 and beta1 integrin chains, was detected by in...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/1098-1136(20010101)33:1<36::aid-glia1004>3
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Insulin-like growth factor II (IGFII) acts as a potent mitogen for several tumor types and has been reported to positively influence astrocytoma cell growth and motility. In the central nervous system, IGFII bioavailability is mainly modulated by insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), which sequestrate...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20719
更新日期:2008-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Neuronal injury in CNS tissues induces a rapid activation and mobilization of resident microglia (MG). It is widely assumed that changes in gene expression drive the morphological transformation of MG and regulate their mobilization during activation. Here, we used acutely excised neonatal rat brain slices to test whe...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20355
更新日期:2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oligodendroglial cells undergo rapid transcriptional and dynamic morphological transformation in order to effectively myelinate neuronal axons. Olig1, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, functions to promote the transcription of myelin-specific genes and promotes differentiation and (re)myelination. While t...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.22364
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The adrenergic agonist norepinephrine can exert its influence on cell function by activating both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. In astrocytes, the alpha-adrenergic receptor activity of norepinephrine is known to inhibit the cyclic AMP response elicited by its action at beta-adrenergic receptors. Pharmacologica...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.440020209
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this study, we investigated the involvement of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the brain of the dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse, an experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). To this purpose, we used two tight junction markers, the Zonula occludens (ZO-1) and claudin-1 proteins, and a glial marker, th...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10216
更新日期:2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Activated microglia, astrogliosis, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, blood brain barrier (BBB) leakage and peripheral immune cell infiltration are features of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Numerous studies correlated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines with the activated morphology of microglia, attr...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.23008
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is a critical relationship between oligodendrocyte development, myelin production, and iron bioavailability. Iron deficiency leads to hypomyelination both in humans and animal models, and the neurological sequelae of hypomyelination are significant. Therefore, understanding molecular mechanisms of iron import in...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.21164
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuroprotective M2-skewed microglia appear as promising to alter the course of neurodegenerative diseases and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are potential targets to achieve such microglial polarization. A common feature of adenosine A2A (A2A R) and cannabinoid CB2 (CB2 R) GPCRs in microglia is that their express...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.23694
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have previously reported that neonatal rat oligodendrocytes (OLGs) express and secrete neuregulins (NRGs) (Raabe et al., 1997). This laboratory has also shown that NRGs stimulate the differentiation of neonatal rat OLGs and that these cells express the erbB receptors for NRGs (Raabe et al., 1997). In this study, we...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oxidative stress is the main cause of neuronal damage in traumatic brain injury, hypoxia/reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative disorders. Although extracellular nucleosides, especially adenosine, are well known to protect against neuronal damage in such pathological conditions, the effects of these nucleosides or ...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20118
更新日期:2005-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::Myelination in corpus callosum plays important role for normal brain functions by transferring neurological information between various brain regions. However, the factors controlling expression of myelin genes in myelination are poorly understood. Here, CXXC5, a recently identified protein with CXXC-type zinc finger ...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.22932
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 bind to the common receptor CXCR3 and are implicated in the pathogenesis of T-cell-mediated immunity in the central nervous system (CNS). Here we examined the temporal and spatial regulation of the Cxcl9 and Cxcl10 genes in the CNS of mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20587
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A role for free radicals has been proposed in infectious brain disease, where resident microglia cells upregulate the inducible nitric oxide synthase isoform (iNOS), and thus are capable of producing nitric oxide at enhanced rates. Using the constitutively expressed NADPH oxidase, microglial cells can generate superox...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/1098-1136(200010)32:1<51::aid-glia50>3.0.c
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Accumulating evidence supports the idea that synapses are tripartite, whereby perisynaptic astrocytes modulate both pre- and postsynaptic function. Although some of these features have been uncovered by using electrophysiological methods, less is known about the structural interplay between synapses and glial processe...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.22335
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The addition of isolated neurons to monolayers of cultured astrocytes induced a morphological change in the astrocytes that came into contact with the added neuronal cell bodies or neurites. The change, which included an increase in the complexity of cell shape, took at least 3 days to become detectable and was enhanc...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199705)20:1<1::aid-glia1>3
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In multiple sclerosis (MS), one strategy to reduce disability is enhancement of endogenous repair by remyelinating oligodendrocytes derived from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OP). An important prerequisite is determining the abundance of OP relative to oligodendrocytes in normal human central nervous system (CNS),...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.21018
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::During action potential conduction, the axonal specializations at the node, together with the adjacent paranodal terminations of the myelin sheath, interact with glial processes that invest the nodal gap. The nature of the mutual signals between axons and myelinating glia, however, are not well understood. Here we hav...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20448
更新日期:2007-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::Astrocytes are the gatekeepers of neuronal energy supply. In neurodegenerative diseases, bioenergetics demand increases and becomes reliant upon fatty acid oxidation as a source of energy. Defective fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial dysfunctions correlate with hippocampal neurodegeneration and memory deficits in ...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.23534
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We investigated the effect of receptor blockade induced by an angiotensin II type-1 receptor antagonist (AT(1)-RB) on glial and vascular changes in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), a model of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). OIR was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by exposure to 80% oxygen from postnatal (P) days 0-1...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20680
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several lines of evidence indicate that the elaborated calcium signals and the occurrence of calcium waves in astrocytes provide these cells with a specific form of excitability. The identification of the cellular and molecular steps involved in the triggering and transmission of Ca(2+) waves between astrocytes result...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/glia.20374
更新日期:2006-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Astrocytes are thought to exert diverse functions in the brain, but it has been difficult to prove this in vivo because of a scarcity of tools to manipulate these cells. Here, we report the generation of new transgenic mouse lines that allow for conditional gene ablation in astrocytes using the tamoxifen- (TAM-) induc...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20570
更新日期:2007-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::The synthesis, transport, and insertion of jimpy proteolipid protein and DM20 were studied in normal (158N) and jimpy (158JP) immortalized oligodendrocyte lines. Four different expression vectors encoding fusion proteins composed of native PLP and DM20 or jimpy PLP or DM20 were linked to enhanced green fluorescent pro...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.10122
更新日期:2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Epilepsy is characterized by unpredictable recurrent seizures resulting from hypersynchronous discharges from neuron assemblies. Increasing evidence indicates that aberrant astrocyte signaling to neurons plays an important role in driving the network hyperexcitability. Purinergic signaling is central in neuron-glia an...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/glia.23747
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The substantia gelatinosa (SG) of the spinal cord processes incoming painful information to ascending projection neurons. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings from SG spinal cord slices documented that in a low Ca(2+) /no Mg(2+) (low X(2+) ) external medium adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/dibenzoyl-ATP, Bz-ATP) caused inwar...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.22707
更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::To study the role of L-type voltage-gated Ca++ channels in oligodendrocyte development, we used a mouse model of Timothy syndrome (TS) in which a gain-of-function mutation in the α1 subunit of the L-type Ca++ channel Cav1.2 gives rise to an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) isolat...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.23468
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent research has focused on soluble oligomeric assemblies of beta-amyloid peptides (Abeta) as the proximate cause of neuroinflammation, synaptic loss, and the eventual dementia associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, tripchlorolide (T4), an extract of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F (TWHF), was stud...
journal_title:Glia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/glia.20844
更新日期:2009-08-15 00:00:00