The healthy food environment policy index: findings of an expert panel in New Zealand.

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE:To assess government actions to improve the healthiness of food environments in New Zealand, based on the healthy food environment policy index. METHODS:A panel of 52 public health experts rated the extent of government implementation against international best practice for 42 indicators of food environment policy and infrastructure support. Their ratings were informed by documented evidence, validated by government officials and international benchmarks. FINDINGS:There was a high level of implementation for some indicators: providing ingredient lists and nutrient declarations and regulating health claims on packaged foods; transparency in policy development; monitoring prevalence of noncommunicable diseases and monitoring risk factors for noncommunicable diseases. There was very little, if any implementation of the following indicators: restrictions on unhealthy food marketing to children; fiscal and food retail policies and protection of national food environments within trade agreements. Interrater reliability was 0.78 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.76-0.79). Based on the implementation gaps, the experts recommended 34 actions, and prioritized seven of these. CONCLUSION:The healthy food environment policy index provides a useful set of indicators that can focus attention on where government action is needed. It is anticipated that this policy index will increase accountability of governments, stimulate government action and support civil society advocacy efforts. OBJECTIF:Évaluer les actions gouvernementales visant à améliorer la salubrité des environnements alimentaires en Nouvelle-Zélande en fonction de l'index des politiques relatives à un environnement alimentaire sain. MÉTHODES:Un groupe de 52 experts en santé publique a évalué l'ampleur de la mise en œuvre gouvernementale par rapport aux meilleures pratiques internationales concernant 42 indicateurs de politiques relatives à l'environnement alimentaire et de soutien aux infrastructures. Leur évaluation reposait sur des informations documentées, validées par des représentants du gouvernement et des références internationales. RÉSULTATS:Certains indicateurs présentaient un haut niveau de mise en œuvre : communication des listes d'ingrédients et des informations nutritionnelles et réglementation des allégations relatives à la santé sur les aliments emballés ; transparence dans l'élaboration des politiques ; suivi de la prévalence des maladies non transmissibles et suivi des facteurs de risque pour les maladies non transmissibles. La mise en œuvre était faible, voire inexistante, en ce qui concerne les indicateurs suivants : restrictions relatives à la commercialisation de produits alimentaires malsains pour les enfants ; politiques budgétaires et de commerce de détail alimentaire et protection des environnements alimentaires nationaux dans les accords commerciaux. La fiabilité interévaluateurs était de 0,78 (intervalle de confiance, IC, à 95 % : 0,76 - 0,79). Compte tenu des lacunes dans la mise en œuvre, les experts ont recommandé 34 actions et donné un degré de priorité élevé à sept d'entre elles. CONCLUSION:L'index des politiques relatives à un environnement alimentaire sain donne accès à une série d'indicateurs utiles qui peuvent attirer l'attention sur les champs d'action restant à couvrir par le gouvernement. Cet index des politiques devrait augmenter la responsabilité des gouvernements, stimuler l'action gouvernementale et soutenir les efforts de sensibilisation de la société civile. OBJETIVO:Evaluar las acciones gubernamentales para mejorar la salubridad de los entornos alimentarios en Nueva Zelandia, sobre la base del índice de políticas para un entorno alimentario saludable. MÉTODOS:Un grupo de 52 expertos en salud pública evaluó el alcance de la aplicación gubernamental con respecto a las mejores prácticas internacionales para 42 indicadores de políticas de entorno alimentario y apoyo infraestructural. Sus calificaciones se basaron en datos documentados, validados por funcionarios públicos y parámetros de referencia internacionales. RESULTADOS:Se detectó un alto nivel de aplicación para algunos indicadores: provisión de listas de ingredientes y declaraciones nutricionales y regulación de las declaraciones sanitarias de los alimentos envasados; transparencia en el desarrollo de la política; monitoreo de la prevalencia de enfermedades no transmisibles y de sus factores de riesgo. Hubo muy poca implementación, o ninguna, de los siguientes indicadores: restricciones en la publicidad de alimentos insalubres para los niños; políticas fiscales y de venta de alimentos al por menor y protección de entornos alimentarios nacionales dentro de los acuerdos comerciales. La fiabilidad de los evaluadores fue del 0,78 (intervalo de confianza, IC, del 95%: 0,76–0,79). Basándose en las brechas de aplicación, los expertos recomendaron 34 acciones, de las cuales priorizaron siete. CONCLUSIÓN:El índice de políticas para un entorno alimentario saludable proporciona un conjunto útil de indicadores que pueden centrar la atención en aquellos lugares en los cuales se necesita acción gubernamental. Se prevé que este índice de políticas aumentará la rendición de cuentas de los gobiernos, estimulará la acción gubernamental y apoyará las actividades de promoción de la sociedad civil. الغرض:تقييم إجراءات الحكومة لتحسين مدى سلامة البيئات الغذائية في نيوزيلندا، استناداً إلى مؤشر سياسة البيئة الغذائية الصحية. الطريقة:قام فريق مكون من 25 خبيراً في مجال الصحة العمومية بتقييم مدى التزام الحكومة بتنفيذ الممارسة العالمية المثلى لعدد 42 مؤشراً لسياسة البيئة الغذائية ودعم البنية التحتية. ارتكزت تقييماتهم على أدلَّة موثقة، وتم توثيق مصدوقيتها بواسطة مسؤولين حكوميين ومعايير عالمية. النتائج:كان هناك تنفيذ بمستوى مرتفع لبعض المؤشرات: توفير قوائم المكونات وبيانات المغذيات واللوائح الصحية التنظيمية على أغلفة المنتجات الغذائية المعبأة؛ والشفافية في تطوير السياسات؛ ومراقبة انتشار الأمراض غير السارية؛ ومراقبة عوامل الخطر للأمراض غير السارية. كان هناك تنفيذ محدود للغاية، إن وُجد، للمؤشرات التالية: القيود المفروضة على تسويق الغذاء غير الصحي للأطفال؛ والسياسات المالية وسياسات تجارة المنتجات الغذائية بالتجزئة؛ وحماية البيئات الغذائية الوطنية في إطار الاتفاقيات التجارية. كانت المعولية بين القائمين بالتقييم 0.78 (بنسبة أرجحية مقدارها 95%: فاصل الثقة: 0.76–0.79) بالاستناد إلى ثغرات التنفيذ، أوصى الخبراء باتخاذ 34 إجراءً ومنحوا الأولوية لسبعة منها. الاستنتاج:يوفر مؤشر سياسة البيئة الغذائية الصحية مجموعة مفيدة من المؤشرات التي يمكن أن تركز الانتباه على ما يستدعي اتخاذ إجراء حكومي. من المتوقع أن مؤشر السياسة هذا سيزيد من مساءلة الحكومات، ويحفز الإجراءات الحكومية، ويدعم جهود المناصرة من المجتمع المدني. 目的:旨在根据卫生食品环境政策衡量指标,评价政府为改善新西兰食品环境的卫生程度而采取的行动。. 方法:由 52 个公共卫生专家组成的小组针对食品环境政策和基础设施支持的 42 个指标,参比国际最佳实践对政府实施的程度进行了评级。他们提供的评级结果均有记录在册的证据,并由政府官员按照国际基准进行验证。. 结果:实施程度高的一些指标包括:在包装食品上提供配料表和营养成分表以及规范的健康声明;政策制定的透明度;监控非传染性疾病的患病率以及监控非传染性疾病的风险因素。实施程度很低的一些指标如下:对于对儿童不健康食品市场营销的限制;财政和食品零售政策以及在贸易协议中对国家食品环境的保护。评级者间信度为 0.78(95% 置信区间:CI: 0.76–0.79)。基于实施差距,专家建议采取 34 项行动,其中 7 项为优先行动。. 结论:卫生食品环境政策衡量指标提供了一系列有用的指标,可以让政府集中精力专注于需要采取行动的方面。我们预计该政策衡量指标将增强政府的责任感,激励政府采取行动并支持民间社会的倡导工作。. Цель:Оценить действия правительства по улучшению условий для здорового питания в Новой Зеландии на основе индекса эффективности политики здорового питания. Методы:Комиссия из 52 экспертов в области общественного здравоохранения провела оценку реализации политики здорового питания и ее инфраструктурной поддержки правительством на основании 42 показателей согласно передовой международной практике. Результаты оценки основаны на задокументированных доказательствах, утвержденных государственными чиновниками и сверяемых с международными критериями. Результаты:Наблюдался высокий уровень реализации некоторых показателей: предоставление списков ингредиентов и заявления о питательных веществах и регулирование заявлений о полезности для здоровья на упаковках пищевых продуктов, прозрачность процесса разработки политики, мониторинг распространенности неинфекционных заболеваний и мониторинг факторов риска неинфекционных заболеваний. Степень реализации следующих показателей была низкой (или же показатели не были реализованы вообще): ограничения рекламы нездоровой пищи для детей, фискальная политика и политика в сфере розничной торговли продовольственными продуктами, а также защита национальных условий питания в торговых соглашениях. Согласованность заключений различных экспертов составила 0,78 (95 % доверительный интервал, ДИ: 0,76–0,79). На основании пробелов в реализации эксперты порекомендовали 34 мероприятия, уделяя первостепенное внимание семи из них. Вывод:Индекс эффективности политики здорового питания предлагает набор показателей, которые можно использовать для определения конкретных областей, где необходимы действия правительства. Ожидается, что этот индекс приведет к повышению ответственности правительств, стимулирует деятельность правительства и поддержит усилия по защите гражданского общества.

authors

Vandevijvere S,Dominick C,Devi A,Swinburn B,International Network for Food and Obesity\/non-communicable diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support.

doi

10.2471/BLT.14.145540

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2015-05-01 00:00:00

pages

294-302

issue

5

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.14.145540

journal_volume

93

pub_type

杂志文章
  • Attempts to increase the yield of influenza virus from stored infected allantoic fluids.

    abstract::The deposit or precipitate formed after storage at -20 degrees C of allantoic fluids infected with influenza virus contains a considerable amount of the virus. It has been found that by treatment of this material, after thawing, with sodium chloride and subsequent purification of the treated fluid, all the virus origi...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: VEERARAGHAVAN N,SREEVALSAN T

    更新日期:1961-01-01 00:00:00

  • Chloroquine or pyrimethamine in salt as a supressive against sporozoite-induced vivax malaria (Chesson strain).

    abstract::The authors present the results of a study carried out to determine the efficacy of chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-salt mixtures as a suppressive against sporozoite-induced vivax malaria (Chesson strain). The test subjects used in this study were volunteers of military age in the US Penitentiary at Atlanta, Ga. The su...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: COATNEY GR,MICKELSEN O,BURGESS RW,YOUNG MD,PIRKLE CI

    更新日期:1958-01-01 00:00:00

  • Selective population chemotherapy among schoolchildren in Beheira governorate: the UNICEF/Arab Republic of Egypt/WHO Schistosomiasis Control Project.

    abstract::Selective population chemotherapy using a single dose of praziquantel (40 mg per kg body weight), which was offered to 29,365 schoolchildren in Abu El Matameer and 40,241 in Abo Homos districts, Beheira governorate in the Nile delta, reduced the prevalence of schistosomiasis from 75.4% to 40.9% (reduction of 45.8%) an...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: el Malatawy A,el Habashy A,Lechine N,Dixon H,Davis A,Mott KE

    更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00

  • Reduction of neonatal tetanus by mass immunization of non-pregnant women: duration of protection provided by one or two doses of aluminium-adsorbed tetanus toxoid.

    abstract::Immunization of non-pregnant women in rural Bangladesh with two doses of aluminium-adsorbed tetanus-diphtheria toxoids reduced neonatal mortality by one-third during a period of 9-32 months after vaccination. The reduction in mortality rate was attributable almost entirely to a 75% lower mortality rate among 4-14-day-...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Black RE,Huber DH,Curlin GT

    更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00

  • Rapid, low-cost, two-step method to screen for urinary schistosomiasis at the district level: the Kilosa experience.

    abstract::The operational and diagnostic performance of a two-step method for the cost-effective screening of urinary schistosomiasis was investigated in the Kilosa District of east-central Tanzania. In the first step a simple questionnaire was administered to 15,073 primary schoolchildren by their class teachers over a 4-week ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Lengeler C,Kilima P,Mshinda H,Morona D,Hatz C,Tanner M

    更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00

  • Essential drugs for cancer chemotherapy: memorandum from a WHO meeting.

    abstract::Essential drugs for cancer chemotherapy were reviewed in a consultation convened by WHO in Geneva. General principles regarding the proper role of cancer chemotherapeutic agents in relation to other established treatment modalities and the classification of tumours with respect to curative potential are discussed. Cur...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors:

    更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00

  • Experimental studies on organomercury poisoning in chickens in Iraq.

    abstract::For 164 days mature chickens received a daily diet containing 40 g of wheat treated with organomercurial fungicide and 80 g of untreated diet. A control group received 120 g of normal diet daily. The experimental group was then split - half receiving the same diet for a further 155 days, by which time all had been kil...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Al-Falluji N,Makkawi TA,Abou-el-azm IM,Sokkar IM,Darraji M

    更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00

  • Diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum infection by spot hybridization assay: specificity, sensitivity, and field applicability.

    abstract::The spot hybridization assay for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum reported here uses as probe a repetitive DNA sequence from this species and exhibits a high degree of species specificity. Isolates from African, Asian, and South American patients were positive in the assay and gametocytes could be detected at th...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Holmberg M,Björkman A,Franzén L,Aslund L,Lebbad M,Pettersson U,Wigzell H

    更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00

  • The dose-response lines for diphtheria toxoid fractions precipitated at various concentrations of ammonium sulfate.

    abstract::Three diphtheria toxoid preparations, fractionated at various concentrations of ammonium sulfate, having various grades of purity, and showing striking differences in immunizing potency when compared at the same Lf dose, were examined for similarity of the effective constituents in the fractions. No evidence of deviat...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: KUROKAWA M,NAKANO T,KONDO H

    更新日期:1954-01-01 00:00:00

  • The ecology of Bulinus truncatus and Biomphalaria alexandrina and its implications for the control of bilharziasis in the Egypt-49 project area.

    abstract::The respective vectors of the two forms of bilharziasis in Egypt do not have the same ecological distribution. Bulinus truncatus is most abundant in large canals, and decreases in density as the water approaches and flows into drains. Biomphalaria alexandrina is most abundant in drains, and decreases in density upstre...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Dazo BC,Hairston NG,Dawood IK

    更新日期:1966-01-01 00:00:00

  • A geospatial evaluation of timely access to surgical care in seven countries.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the consistent availability of basic surgical resources at selected facilities in seven countries. METHODS:In 2010-2014, we used a situational analysis tool to collect data at district and regional hospitals in Bangladesh (n = 14), the Plurinational State of Bolivia (n = 18), Ethiopia (n = 19), Gua...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.16.175885

    authors: Knowlton LM,Banguti P,Chackungal S,Chanthasiri T,Chao TE,Dahn B,Derbew M,Dhar D,Esquivel MM,Evans F,Hendel S,LeBrun DG,Notrica M,Saavedra-Pozo I,Shockley R,Uribe-Leitz T,Vannavong B,McQueen KA,Spain DA,Weiser TG

    更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00

  • The epidemics of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: current status and future prospects.

    abstract::The large epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom has been in decline since 1992, but has spread to other countries. The extensive control measures that have been put in place across the European Union and also in Switzerland should have brought the transmission of BSE under control in...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: Smith PG

    更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00

  • Paula Radcliffe: elite athlete and clean air advocate.

    abstract::Paula Radcliffe tells Gary Humphreys about her journey from athlete to clean air advocate and her hopes for a clean air initiative launched by the International Association of Athletics Federation. ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 面试,新闻

    doi:10.2471/BLT.19.030319

    authors:

    更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00

  • Plan of action for research in the immunology of tuberculosis: memorandum from a WHO meeting.

    abstract::A meeting was held to outline a comprehensive research plan, based on recent advances in biomedical sciences, for the development of improved methods for the control of tuberculosis. Such a plan requires a stepwise approach. The meeting focused on the initial activities to be carried out and on setting priorities.In t...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors:

    更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00

  • Challenges in developing national HIV guidelines: experience from the eastern Mediterranean.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To appraise the process of development and clinical content of national human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinical practice guidelines of countries in the eastern Mediterranean and to formulate recommendations for future guideline development and adaptation. METHODS:Twenty-three countries in the World Healt...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.10.083790

    authors: De Weggheleire A,Bortolotti V,Zolfo M,Crowley S,Colebunders R,Riedner G,Lynen L

    更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00

  • The urban environment and health in a world of increasing globalization: issues for developing countries.

    abstract::Urban living is the keystone of modern human ecology. Cities have multiplied and expanded rapidly worldwide over the past two centuries. Cities are sources of creativity and technology, and they are the engines for economic growth. However, they are also sources of poverty, inequality, and health hazards from the envi...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: McMichael AJ

    更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00

  • Field trial of applicability of lot quality assurance sampling survey method for rapid assessment of prevalence of active trachoma.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To test the applicability of lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) for the rapid assessment of the prevalence of active trachoma. METHODS:Prevalence of active trachoma in six communities was found by examining all children aged 2-5 years. Trial surveys were conducted in these communities. A sampling plan app...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Myatt M,Limburg H,Minassian D,Katyola D

    更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00

  • Plasmodium falciparum in Haiti: susceptibility to pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.

    abstract::Eighteen patients with Plasmodium falciparum infection were studied in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, to monitor the response of the malaria parasite to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. In all infections the parasitaemia was cleared rapidly following treatment with standard dose of the drug combination; no recrudescence was observe...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Nguyen-Dinh P,Zevallos-Ipenza A,Magloire R

    更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00

  • Field application to malaria studies of the passive haemagglutination (PHA) test with lyophilized cells.

    abstract::Lyophilized cells for the passive (formerly indirect) haemagglutination test for malaria were tested in a small field trial. A comparison was made with results obtained with samples from the same persons by another method in another laboratory (Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA). The use of lyophilized cell...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Brögger RC,Mathews HM

    更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00

  • Paraffin-related injury in low-income South African communities: knowledge, practice and perceived risk.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To explore what individuals at risk of injury from using paraffin (also known as kerosene) know about paraffin safety, what they do to protect themselves and their families from paraffin-related injury, and how they perceive their risk for such injury. Also, to explore interrelations between these factors and...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/blt.08.057505

    authors: Schwebel DC,Swart D,Hui SK,Simpson J,Hobe P

    更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00

  • Vaccination benefits, risks and safety: the need for a complete picture.

    abstract::Since the first attempt at vaccination more than 200 years ago, debate has been ongoing about the relative benefits and risks. However, debate was overshadowed by the threat of crippling illness and death. Over the years, vaccination programs succeeded in its goals: eradication of smallpox, near eradication of polio,...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 评论,杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Pless R

    更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00

  • Efficacy of various durations of isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis: five years of follow-up in the IUAT trial. International Union Against Tuberculosis Committee on Prophylaxis.

    abstract::A total of 28 000 persons with fibrotic pulmonary lesions compatible with tuberculosis were followed for five years after receiving 12, 24, or 52 weeks of preventive treatment with isoniazid or placebo.Compared with placebo, 12 weeks of isoniazid eliminated less than one-third, and 24 weeks eliminated two-thirds of th...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:

    authors:

    更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00

  • Active surveillance for congenital rubella syndrome in Yangon, Myanmar.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:Rubella vaccine is not included in the immunization schedule in Myanmar. Although surveillance for outbreaks of measles and rubella is conducted nationwide, there is no routine surveillance for congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Therefore, we organized a study to assess the burden of CRS. METHODS:From 1 Dece...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/blt.05.022814

    authors: Thant KZ,Oo WM,Myint TT,Shwe TN,Han AM,Aye KM,Aye KT,Moe K,Thein S,Robertson SE

    更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00

  • The antibacterial paradox: essential drugs, effectiveness, and cost.

    abstract::The concept proposed by WHO of an essential drugs list that should comprise drugs corresponding to the health needs of the majority of the people has been embraced by countries, which have adapted it to their needs. In this study, the essential antibacterial drug lists of 16 countries chosen from the six WHO regions a...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Fasehun F

    更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00

  • THE DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE TRANSMISSION OF BILHARZIASIS IN TANGANYIKA.

    abstract::Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium are widely distributed throughout East Africa, each being transmitted by several intermediate hosts. It is feared that the increased use of irrigation, which is proposed in Tanganyika to expand agricultural productivity, will also increase the incidence and intensity of ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: STURROCK RF

    更新日期:1965-01-01 00:00:00

  • The effect of flea control on Yersinia (Pasteurella) pestis antibody rates in the California vole, Microtus californicus, and its epizootiological implications.

    abstract::The effects of flea control on the prevalence of (Pasteurella) pestis antibody rates in the California vole, Microtus californicus, were studied in San Mateo County, California, USA. In this area, which had shown antibody prevalence rates of 50% or more during epizootics in previous years, continuous flea control meas...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Kartman L,Hudson BW

    更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00

  • Multicontaminant air pollution in Chinese cities.

    abstract:Objective:To investigate multicontaminant air pollution in Chinese cities, to quantify the urban population affected and to explore the relationship between air pollution and urban population size. Methods:We obtained data for 155 cities with 276 million inhabitants for 2014 from China's air quality monitoring network...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.17.195560

    authors: Han L,Zhou W,Pickett ST,Li W,Qian Y

    更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00

  • Metabolic characterization of Brucella strains that show conflicting identity by biochemical and serological methods.

    abstract::Each of 87 strains of brucellae examined for its utilization of amino acid and carbohydrate substrates displayed a metabolic pattern that characterized it as to its species identity, irrespective of its serological and biochemical characters. Strains that displayed the metabolic pattern of Br. abortus were lysed by Br...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: MEYER ME,MORGAN WJ

    更新日期:1962-01-01 00:00:00

  • A method for field preparation and packing of stool specimens in large numbers.

    abstract::A method for the packing of stool samples with preservative in heat-sealed plastic sleeves is described. In several years' use the method has proved rapid and reliable. The materials are lighter and less bulky than rigid containers, and transport of samples is simple and economical. ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Eaton RD

    更新日期:1973-01-01 00:00:00

  • The use of attractants and repellents in vector control.

    abstract::A great many stimuli-auditory, visual and chemical-attract or repel insects and some of these play an essential role in maintaining the life of the individual or perpetuating the species. The author examines the modes of action of attractants in nature, particularly in relation to blood feeding. The predominant mechan...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Hocking B

    更新日期:1963-01-01 00:00:00