Abstract:
:Approximately 10% of women report smoking during pregnancy. The number of breastfeeding women who relapse back to smoking is even greater. Smoking may cause adverse changes to the milk's composition by not only reducing its protective properties, but also by affecting the infant's health. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these adverse effects are not entirely known. This article is a review of previous reports about the effects of smoking on the lactation process, breast milk composition and infant development. A systematic search for English language articles published until 2015 was made, using a MEDLINE data. The key search terms were "smoking and breastfeeding", "smoking and lactation", "smoking and milk composition", "nicotine and breast milk". Studies have shown that nicotine levels in breast milk of women who smoke are three times higher than those in the plasma levels. Breast milk volume is reduced and the duration of lactation period is shorter. Smoking causes adverse changes to the milk's composition by not only reducing its protective properties, but also affecting infants' response to breastfeeding and to breast milk.
journal_name
Environ Resjournal_title
Environmental researchauthors
Napierala M,Mazela J,Merritt TA,Florek Edoi
10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.002subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-11-01 00:00:00pages
321-338eissn
0013-9351issn
1096-0953pii
S0013-9351(16)30343-7journal_volume
151pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination caused by factory relocations is a serious environmental issue across the world. Electrical resistance heating (ERH) and chemical oxidation are two promising in-situ methods for treating volatile and semi-volatile organic pollutants in contaminated soil. Coupl...
journal_title:Environmental research
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journal_title:Environmental research
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Environmental research
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Environmental research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0013-9351(05)80186-0
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journal_title:Environmental research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/enrs.1994.1046
更新日期:1994-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envres.2011.09.013
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envres.2011.01.001
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journal_title:Environmental research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envres.2015.06.033
更新日期:2015-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.058
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.034
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journal_title:Environmental research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Environmental research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/enrs.1995.1032
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journal_title:Environmental research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envres.2007.05.012
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0013-9351(85)90026-x
更新日期:1985-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.04.010
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pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.108944
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109477
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental research
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Environmental research
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Environmental research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envres.2008.11.006
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