Active trachoma and community use of sanitation, Ethiopia.

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE:To investigate, in Amhara, Ethiopia, the association between prevalence of active trachoma among children aged 1-9 years and community sanitation usage. METHODS:Between 2011 and 2014, prevalence of trachoma and household pit latrine usage were measured in five population-based cross-sectional surveys. Data on observed indicators of latrine use were aggregated into a measure of community sanitation usage calculated as the proportion of households with a latrine in use. All household members were examined for clinical signs, i.e. trachomatous inflammation, follicular and/or intense, indicative of active trachoma. Multilevel logistic regression was used to estimate prevalence odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for community, household and individual factors, and to evaluate modification by household latrine use and water access. FINDINGS:In surveyed areas, prevalence of active trachoma among children was estimated to be 29% (95% CI: 28-30) and mean community sanitation usage was 47% (95% CI: 45-48). Despite significant modification (p < 0.0001), no pattern in stratified ORs was detected. Summarizing across strata, community sanitation usage values of 60 to < 80% and ≥ 80% were associated with lower prevalence odds of active trachoma, compared with community sanitation usage of < 20% (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.57-1.03 and OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.48-0.95, respectively). CONCLUSION:In Amhara, Ethiopia, a negative correlation was observed between community sanitation usage and prevalence of active trachoma among children, highlighting the need for continued efforts to encourage higher levels of sanitation usage and to support sustained use throughout the community, not simply at the household level. OBJECTIF:Étudier dans la région Amhara, en Éthiopie, l'association entre la prévalence du trachome actif chez les enfants âgés de 1 à 9 ans et l'utilisation d'installations d'assainissement collectif. MÉTHODES:Entre 2011 et 2014, la prévalence du trachome et l'utilisation de latrines à fosse domestiques ont été mesurées dans le cadre de cinq enquêtes transversales menées auprès de la population. Les données sur les indicateurs observés concernant l'utilisation de latrines ont été regroupées dans une mesure de l'utilisation des installations d'assainissement collectif exprimée comme la proportion de ménages utilisant des latrines. Tous les membres des ménages ont fait l'objet d'un examen destiné à détecter les signes cliniques, c'est-à-dire une inflammation trachomateuse folliculaire et/ou intense, révélateurs d'un trachome actif. Une régression logistique à plusieurs niveaux a été utilisée pour estimer le rapport de cote (RC) de prévalence ainsi que les intervalles de confiance (IC) à 95%, en tenant compte de facteurs liés à la communauté, aux ménages et aux individus, et pour évaluer les variations induites par l'utilisation de latrines domestiques et un accès à l'eau. RÉSULTATS:Dans les zones étudiées, la prévalence du trachome actif chez les enfants a été estimée à 29% (IC à 95%: 28–30) et l'utilisation moyenne des installations d'assainissement collectif à 47% (IC à 95%: 45–48). Malgré des variations considérables (p < 0,0001), aucune tendance liée aux RC stratifiés ne s'est dégagée. Pour résumer en tenant compte des différentes strates, lorsque les valeurs relatives à l'utilisation des installations d'assainissement collectif étaient comprises entre 60 et 80% ou ≥ 80%, le rapport de cote de prévalence du trachome actif était plus faible que lorsque les valeurs relatives à l'utilisation des installations d'assainissement collectif étaient < 20% (RC: 0,76; IC à 95%: 0,57–1,03 et RC: 0,67; IC à 95%: 0,48–0,95, respectivement). CONCLUSION:Dans la région Amhara de l'Éthiopie, une corrélation négative a été observée entre l'utilisation d'installations d'assainissement collectif et la prévalence du trachome actif chez les enfants, soulignant la nécessité de poursuivre les efforts pour encourager l'utilisation d'installations d'assainissement et promouvoir une utilisation durable dans l'ensemble de la population, et non seulement au niveau des ménages. OBJETIVO:Investigar, en Amhara, Etiopía, la relación entre la prevalencia del tracoma activo en niños de entre 1 y 9 años y el uso comunitario del saneamiento. MÉTODOS:Entre 2011 y 2014, se midieron la prevalencia del tracoma y el uso doméstico de las letrinas de pozo en cinco encuestas transversales basadas en la población. Los datos sobre los indicadores observados del uso de letrinas se agregaron en una medida del uso del saneamiento comunitario calculado como el porcentaje de hogares con una letrina en uso. Se examinó a todos los miembros del hogar en busca de síntomas clínicos, es decir, inflamación tracomatosa, folicular y/o intensa, indicio de tracoma activo. Se utilizó una regresión logística de varios niveles para estimar la prevalencia de los cocientes de posibilidades (CP) y los intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95%, ajustándose a factores comunitarios, domésticos e individuales, y para evaluar la modificación por uso de letrinas y acceso al agua en los hogares. RESULTADOS:En las zonas encuestadas, se estimó que la prevalencia del tracoma activo en niños era del 29% (IC del 95%: 28–30) y que el uso comunitario del saneamiento era del 47% (IC del 95%: 45–48). A pesar de una importante modificación (p < 0,0001), no se detectó ningún patrón en los CP estratificados. Como resumen de los estratos, los valores de uso comunitario del saneamiento del 60 al < 80% y ≥ 80% se relacionaron con una menor prevalencia de tracoma activo, en comparación con un uso comunitario del saneamiento de < 20% (CP: 0,76; IC del 95%: 0,57–1,03 y CP: 0,67; IC del 95%: 0,48-0,95, respectivamente). CONCLUSIÓN:En Amhara, Etiopía, se observó una correlación negativa entre el uso comunitario del saneamiento y la prevalencia del tracoma activo en niños, destacando la necesidad de unos esfuerzos continuos por fomentar unos mayores niveles de uso del saneamiento y para respaldar el uso constante en toda la comunidad, no únicamente en los hogares. الغرض:التحقيق في العلاقة بين انتشار التراخوما النشطة بين الأطفال ممن تتراوح أعمارهم من سنة إلى 9 سنوات واستخدام المرافق الصحية المجتمعية في أمهرة بإثيوبيا. الطريقة:تم قياس انتشار التراخوما واستخدام المرحاض الحفري المنزلي في خمسة استطلاعات رأي شملت قطاعات متعددة وقائمة على السكان في الفترة ما بين سنة 2011 و2014. وتم تجميع البيانات المتعلقة بالمؤشرات الملحوظة لاستخدام المرحاض للخروج بمقياس لمدى استخدام المرافق الصحية المجتمعية المحتسب كنسبة العوائل التي تستخدم المرحاض. وقد تم فحص جميع أفراد الأسرة بحثًا عن علامات سريرية، أي التهاب تراخومي، أو مسامي، أو حاد، أو مؤشرات تدل على الإصابة بحالة من التراخوما النشطة. وتم استخدام التحوف اللوجيستي متعدد المراحل لتقدير نسب احتمالات الانتشار (OR) ونسب أرجحية تبلغ ‏95‏% (CI)، مع تعديلها حسب العوامل المجتمعية والفردية والأسرية، وتقييم التعديل حسب استخدام العوائل للمراحيض وتوفُّر الماء لديهم. النتائج:في مناطق الاستطلاع، تم تقدير انتشار التراخوما النشطة بين الأطفال بنسبة ‏29% (95‏% كمقدار لنسبة الأرجحية: 28 – 30) وتقدير متوسط استخدام المرافق الصحية المجتمعية بنسبة 47% (95% كمقدار لنسبة الأرجحية: 45–48). وبالرغم من التعديل الكبير (بمعدل احتمال < 0.0001)، لم يتم الكشف عن نمط معين في نسب احتمالات الانتشار المطبقة. ومن خلال تلخيص البيانات عبر الشرائح المختلفة، فقد تم ربط نسب استخدام المرافق الصحية المجتمعية التي تتراوح من 60 إلى <80‏% و≤ 80‏% باحتمالات منخفضة لانتشار التراخوما، مقارنة باستخدام المرافق الصحية المجتمع بنسبة <20‏% (احتمالات الانتشار: 0.76؛ 95‏% كمقدار لنسبة الأرجحية: 0.57 – 1.03 ونسبة انتشار: 0.67؛ ‏95% كمقدار لنسبة الأرجحية: 0.48 – 0.95، على التوالي). الاستنتاج:في أمهرة بإثيوبيا، لوحظ وجود ارتباط سلبي بين استخدام المرافق الصحية المجتمعية وانتشار التراخوما النشطة بين الأطفال، مع تسليط الضوء على الحاجة إلى مجهودات مستمرة لتشجيع المستويات الأعلى من استخدام المرافق الصحية، ودعم الاستخدام المستمر عبر المجتمع، وليس على مستوى الأُسرة فحسب. 目的:旨在调查埃塞俄比亚阿姆哈拉地区 1 到 9 岁儿童活动性沙眼患病率与社区卫生设施使用情况之间的联系。. 方法:2011 年至 2014 年间,五项基于人口的横断面调查对沙眼患病率和家用蹲厕使用情况进行了衡量。 我们汇总了观察到的厕所使用指标数据作为社区卫生设施使用情况的量测指标,按照使用厕所家庭的比例进行计算。 检查了所有家庭成员的临床症状,例如沙眼性炎症、滤泡性和/或严重指示性活动性沙眼。 我们采用多级逻辑回归模型估算了患病率比值比 (OR) 和 95% 置信区间 (CI),调整了社区、家庭和个人因素,以评估通过家用厕所使用和供水情况进行的整改。. 结果:在调查地区,儿童活动性沙眼患病率估计值为 29% (95% CI: 28–30),社区卫生设施使用率的平均值为 47% (95% CI: 45–48). 除重大调整项目 (p < 0.0001) 以外,未发现分层比值比的模式。 汇总横断面数据得出,与社区卫生设施使用率低于  20% 的情况相比,社区卫生设施使用率在 60% 到 80% 之间和  80% 及以上的情况与较低的活动性沙眼患病率有关联(分别为 OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.57–1.03 和 OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.48–0.95)。. 结论:我们在埃塞俄比亚阿姆哈拉地区观察到,社区卫生设施使用率与儿童活动性沙眼患病率呈负相关,突出了需要继续努力促进更高水平的卫生设施使用率并支持在整个社会的持续使用,而不仅限于家庭层面上。. Цель:Изучить в регионе Амхара, Эфиопия, связь между распространенностью активной трахомы среди детей в возрасте 1–9 лет и общинным использованием санитарно-гигиенических удобств. Методы:В период с 2011 по 2014 год в ходе пяти поперечно-секционных обследований популяционного масштаба была изучена распространенность трахомы и использования ямного туалета домашними хозяйствами. Данные по наблюдаемым показателям использования ямных туалетов были объединены, чтобы получить масштаб общинного использования санитарно-гигиенических удобств, выраженный долей домашних хозяйств, в которых используются ямные туалеты. Все члены семей были обследованы на предмет клинических признаков, т. е. трахоматозного воспаления, фолликулярного и (или) интенсивного, указывающего на активную трахому. Многоуровневая логистическая регрессия была использована для оценки отношений шансов (ОШ) и 95%-х доверительных интервалов (ДИ) распространенности с учетом общинных, бытовых и индивидуальных факторов, а также для оценки влияния использования ямного туалета и доступа к воде в домашнем хозяйстве. Результаты:В обследованных районах распространенность активной трахомы среди детей оценивалась как 29% (95%-й ДИ: 28–30) и среднее значение использования санитарии общиной составляло 47% (95%-й ДИ: 45–48). Несмотря на значительное влияние (р < 0,0001), не было обнаружено никакой закономерности в стратифицированных ОШ. Подводя итог по стратам, можно отметить, что там, где показатели использования санитарно-гигиенических удобств общиной составляли от 60 до <80% и ≥ 80%, наблюдалась более низкая вероятность распространенности активной трахомы по сравнению со стратой, где показатель использования санитарно-гигиенических удобств общиной составил менее 20% (ОШ: 0,76; 95%-й ДИ: 0,57–1,03 и ОШ: 0,67; 95%-й ДИ: 0,48–0,95 соответственно). Вывод:В регионе Амхара, Эфиопия, наблюдалась отрицательная корреляция между общинным использованием санитарно-гигиенических удобств и распространенностью активной трахомы среди детей, что указывает на необходимость в непрекращающихся мерах по стимулированию более высокого уровня использования санитарно-гигиенических удобств и поддержке постоянного использования всей общиной, а не только на уровне домашнего хозяйства.

authors

Oswald WE,Stewart AE,Kramer MR,Endeshaw T,Zerihun M,Melak B,Sata E,Gessese D,Teferi T,Tadesse Z,Guadie B,King JD,Emerson PM,Callahan EK,Flanders D,Moe CL,Clasen TF

doi

10.2471/BLT.16.177758

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2017-04-01 00:00:00

pages

250-260

issue

4

eissn

0042-9686

issn

1564-0604

pii

BLT.16.177758

journal_volume

95

pub_type

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  • Counting the dead and what they died from: an assessment of the global status of cause of death data.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:We sought to assess the current status of global data on death registration and to examine several indicators of data completeness and quality. METHODS:We summarized the availability of death registration data by year and country. Indicators of data quality were assessed for each country and included the tim...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:/S0042-96862005000300009

    authors: Mathers CD,Fat DM,Inoue M,Rao C,Lopez AD

    更新日期:2005-03-01 00:00:00

  • Participation in health impact assessment: objectives, methods and core values.

    abstract::Health impact assessment (HIA) is a multidisciplinary aid to decision-making that assesses the impact of policy on public health and on health inequalities. Its purpose is to assist decision-makers to maximize health gains and to reduce inequalities. The 1999 Gothenburg Consensus Paper (GCP) provides researchers with ...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:/S0042-96862005000100015

    authors: Wright J,Parry J,Mathers J

    更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00

  • Initiation of food supplements and stopping of breast-feeding as determinants of weanling shigellosis.

    abstract::The association between the period elapsed since weaning and the risk of shigellosis was assessed between 1 November 1987 and 30 November 1989 for a cohort of 1085 Bangladeshi children aged < 3 years. The children were followed for 1 month after exposure to Shigella spp. in their residential neighbourhoods, and the 26...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Ahmed F,Clemens JD,Rao MR,Khan MR,Haque E

    更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00

  • Human resources for health and universal health coverage: fostering equity and effective coverage.

    abstract::Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves distributing resources, especially human resources for health (HRH), to match population needs. This paper explores the policy lessons on HRH from four countries that have achieved sustained improvements in UHC: Brazil, Ghana, Mexico and Thailand. Its purpose is to in...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2471/BLT.13.118729

    authors: Campbell J,Buchan J,Cometto G,David B,Dussault G,Fogstad H,Fronteira I,Lozano R,Nyonator F,Pablos-Méndez A,Quain EE,Starrs A,Tangcharoensathien V

    更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00

  • The ecology of Bulinus truncatus and Biomphalaria alexandrina and its implications for the control of bilharziasis in the Egypt-49 project area.

    abstract::The respective vectors of the two forms of bilharziasis in Egypt do not have the same ecological distribution. Bulinus truncatus is most abundant in large canals, and decreases in density as the water approaches and flows into drains. Biomphalaria alexandrina is most abundant in drains, and decreases in density upstre...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Dazo BC,Hairston NG,Dawood IK

    更新日期:1966-01-01 00:00:00

  • Viraemia in patients with naturally acquired dengue infection.

    abstract::The magnitude and duration of dengue viraemia were studied in 153 patients with naturally acquired dengue infection in Jakarta, Indonesia. The duration of viraemia ranged from 2 to 12 days, but most patients had detectable circulating virus for 4-5 days. Accurate measurement of peak virus titres was not possible for m...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Gubler DJ,Suharyono W,Tan R,Abidin M,Sie A

    更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00

  • Immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine administered in mass campaigns versus routine immunization programmes.

    abstract::Reported are the results of a study to investigate the immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) when administered in mass campaigns compared with that following routine immunization programmes. For this purpose, paired sera were collected from a cohort of children before and after a mass vaccination with OPV in...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Richardson G,Linkins RW,Eames MA,Wood DJ,Campbell PJ,Ankers E,Deniel M,Kabbaj A,Magrath DI,Minor PD

    更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00

  • THE FREQUENCY OF VENEREAL DISEASE AMONG SEAFARERS.

    abstract::Venereal diseases are known to occur most frequently in the age-groups of greatest sexual activity and more frequently among people in certain occupations (e.g., migrant labourers, military personnel and seafarers) than among the general population. The Brussels Agreement of 1924 and the great improvements in conditio...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: IDSOE O,GUTHE T

    更新日期:1963-01-01 00:00:00

  • Parasitological and clinical investigations on infections with the VS Romanian strain of Plasmodium malariae transmitted by Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus.

    abstract::In order to contribute to knowledge of the sporogonic cycle of malaria parasites, 3 batches of Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus were infected with the VS Romanian strain of Plasmodium malariae by feeding them on 2 patients undergoing malariotherapy in Romania. Of the 310 infected mosquitos 59 were dissected for ookine...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Lupascu G,Constantinescu P,Negulici E,Shute PG,Maryon ME

    更新日期:1968-01-01 00:00:00

  • THE NON-MEDICAL USE OF ANTIBIOTICS AND THE RISK OF CAUSING MICROBIAL DRUG-RESISTANCE.

    abstract::One of the hazards involved in the use of antibiotics in animal feeds is that it may lead to the development of bacterial drug-resistance. An analysis of the phenomenon shows that this possibility largely depends on the size of the bacterial populations involved and on the possibility of selective multiplication of th...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: MANTEN A

    更新日期:1963-01-01 00:00:00

  • A survey of antibodies to Adenovirus 8 and Coxsackievirus A21 in human sera.

    abstract::Studies have recently been published of surveys of antibodies to common respiratory viruses in human sera from several parts of the world. The present article reports the findings of a survey of antibodies to two more viruses (adenovirus type 8 and coxsackievirus type A21) in human sera mainly collected from six widel...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Chapple PJ

    更新日期:1966-01-01 00:00:00

  • Intervention complexity--a conceptual framework to inform priority-setting in health.

    abstract::Health interventions vary substantially in the degree of effort required to implement them. To some extent this is apparent in their financial cost, but the nature and availability of non-financial resources is often of similar importance. In particular, human resource requirements are frequently a major constraint. W...

    journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:/S0042-96862005000400013

    authors: Gericke CA,Kurowski C,Ranson MK,Mills A

    更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00