Abstract：
CONTEXT:Although most primary cancers of the lung carry a heavy mutational load and will potentially present many "nonself" antigens to the immune system, there are a wide range of possible mechanisms for tumors to avoid so-called immune surveillance. One such mechanism is the adoption of immune checkpoints to inhibit the host immune response. Immune checkpoint inhibitors show great promise in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. OBJECTIVE:To discuss the possibility of biomarker selection of patients for these therapies. This is becoming a much debated issue, and the immunohistochemical detection of Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1), the ligand for the inhibitory Programmed Death receptor 1 (PD-1) checkpoint, is one possible biomarker. Data so far available show some conflicting results, but PD-L1 immunohistochemistry looks likely to be introduced into clinical use for selecting patients for treatment with anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 therapies. Given that there are 4 such drugs rapidly approaching regulatory approval, each with its own independent PD-L1 immunohistochemistry biomarker test, both oncologists and pathologists face some significant challenges. DATA SOURCES:Peer-reviewed literature and meeting proceedings, especially during the last 12 months, were used. CONCLUSIONS:The biology of PD-1/PD-L1 is complex, the clinical data for these drugs show considerable variation, the selection performance of the PD-L1 biomarker test is not perfect, and the existence of 4 drug/test combinations adds significantly to the problems faced. This article addresses some of the background to this therapeutic problem and discusses some of the issues ahead.
journal_name
Arch Pathol Lab Medjournal_title
Archives of pathology & laboratory medicineauthors
Kerr KM,Nicolson MCdoi
10.5858/arpa.2015-0303-SAsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-03-01 00:00:00pages
249-54issue
3eissn
0003-9985issn
1543-2165journal_volume
140pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the prevalence of myocarditis in a general hospital in Turin, Italy. DESIGN:We retrospectively reviewed 17162 postmortem records from autopsies routinely performed at San Giovanni Battista General Hospital, Turin, between 1965 and 1994. RESULTS:Applying the so-called Dallas criteria, myocarditis...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Assays for Chlamydia trachomatis antigen are being increasingly used in lieu of traditional cell culture methods for detection of the organism in patient specimens. While results from these assays are available considerably earlier than are those from culture, the assays have been less sensitive and specific than cult...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The apolipoprotein E alleles epsilon2 and epsilon4 have been reported as independent risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) and as predictors for the development of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS:We determined by polymerase chain reaction the distribution of apolipoprotein E polymorphism in 32...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1043/0003-9985(1999)123<1241:ROAEPF>2.0.CO;2
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:Constipation or recurrent intestinal dysmotility problems are common after definitive surgical treatment in Hirschsprung disease (HD). c-Kit-positive interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) play a key role in the motility function and development of the gastrointestinal tract. Interstitial cells of Cajal that carry ...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1043/0003-9985(2002)126<0928:ADOICO>2.0.CO;2
更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The association of cancer and death in laypeoples' thinking has resulted in discussions of cancer diagnoses often being held sub rosa. Open acceptance of a diagnosis of cancer cannot only help to dispel associated fears but also can serve to educate other persons to recognize that cancers can be cured. Open discussion...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1994-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We describe the case of a 31-week fetus who died in utero with an invasive retroperitoneal kaposiform hemangioendothelioma. This rare vascular neoplasm usually presents as a localized violaceous skin lesion in infants and behaves in a benign fashion; however, kaposiform hemangioendothelioma may present as an invasive ...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1043/1543-2165(2004)128<678:KHAWNF>2.0.CO;2
更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A premature male neonate, born at the 25th gestational week, developed pneumonia six days after delivery and died. Postmortem examination of the lungs revealed giant cell pneumonia with intranuclear inclusion bodies; varicella zoster infection was confirmed by immunoperoxidase stain using monoclonal antibody to varice...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:The American Board of Medical Specialties Maintenance of Certification (MOC) process will become effective in 2006. The College of American Pathologists (CAP) Education Committee defined pathology-specific competencies within MOC categories and used data from a survey of pathologists to create education courses...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1043/1543-2165(2005)129<0666:ATMOCC>2.0.CO;2
更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT.—:Intestinal neuronal dysplasia type B (IND B) is a controversial histopathologic phenotype that has been associated with intestinal dysmotility, either as an isolated condition or in conjunction with established pathologic disorders (eg, Hirschsprung disease). Many factors contribute to the debate over the exi...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.5858/arpa.2017-0524-RA
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:- Nonuterine high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSCs) are believed to arise most often from precursors in the fallopian tube referred to as serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas (STICs). A designation of tubal origin has been suggested for all cases of nonuterine HGSC if a STIC is identified. OBJECTIVE:- To high...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.5858/arpa.2017-0231-RA
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:Mutations of the proto-oncogene B-raf (BRAF) have been detected in melanocytic lesions and papillary carcinomas of the thyroid, and identification of these mutations could be useful in resolving some diagnostic problems. OBJECTIVE:To develop a method to evaluate mutations of BRAF that could provide results muc...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1043/1543-2165(2007)131[1361:BMIMLA]2.0.CO;2
更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Circulating levels and cyst fluid concentrations of beta-endorphin (beta-EP), estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassays in 10 premenopausal women with gross breast cysts. In addition, aspirates and frozen tissue sections from cystic lesions were investigated immunocytochemically for a p...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:Case reports have described detection of candidemia by examination of peripheral blood smears. It is unclear whether this method has wider applicability for early detection of fungemia. OBJECTIVE:To determine the sensitivity of smear review for detecting candidemia. DESIGN:Normal and cytopenic blood was spike...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1043/1543-2165(2007)131[97:SOPBSR]2.0.CO;2
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Histochemical staining of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in fresh-frozen muscle tissue may be performed using a beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (beta-NAD) reduced-dehydrogenase tetrazolium-reductase linked reaction. The phosphate-buffered incubating medium contains glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate,...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1981-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma with a poor prognosis that may be confused with less aggressive diseases, such as small lymphocytic lymphoma and follicular lymphoma. In many cases immunophenotyping, particularly analysis of reactivity for CD5 and CD10, is an important adjunct to morphology that us...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1043/1543-2165(2008)132[1346:AUCOMC]2.0.CO;2
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Apoptosis and necrosis are two fundamental types of cell death. Current knowledge indicates that the key mechanism of apoptosis is endonuclease activation leading to internucleosomal double-stranded chromatin (DNA) breaks, whereas the key mechanism of necrosis is cell membrane damage. The initial alterations of cellul...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-deficient renal cell carcinoma is a recently recognized distinct subtype of renal cell carcinoma in the 2016 World Health Organization classification. It is associated with SDH gene germline mutations, which also cause paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and pi...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.5858/arpa.2018-0024-RS
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Quantitative cell counts on specific pituitary areas were done on differentially stained adenohypophyseal sections obtained at autopsy (four to 22 hours postmortem). We used specific criteria formulated from studies by previous authors to identify functional classes of secretory cells. We compared the effects of two f...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1979-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two of three patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria showed pigment deposits with typical red porphyrin fluorescence on liver biopsy specimens. Birefringence of this pigment by polarized light is due to its crystalline nature, as demonstrated by electron microscopy. There was slight portal inflammation in these ca...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1976-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies have suggested that morphological changes occur in the glomeruli of animals with experimental acute renal failure (ARF). No SEM studies have been reported on human glomeruli in ARF. Sixteen thermally injured patients were studied by SEM and the observations were cor...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Natural killer cell and cytotoxic T-cell lymphomas are frequently difficult to distinguish because they share many common features, and yet it is important to make an accurate diagnosis because their prognoses differ. We report an unusual case of a white man with a CD56-positive T-cell lymphoma in the ileum. The histo...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1043/1543-2165(2005)129<527:AUCOPT>2.0.CO;2
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We report a case of rupture of a saccular pulmonary artery aneurysm with fatal hemopericardium in a 29-year-old man who also had persistent ductus arteriosus with severe pulmonary hypertension. Histologic examination of the pulmonary artery showed cystic medionecrosis similar to that observed in patients with ruptured...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Primary dural lymphoma is rare, and few of the small number of cases reported to date have been classified using immunohistochemical techniques. To our knowledge, we report the first case of T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma (diffuse mixed small cell and large cell) presenting as a solitary intracranial dural mass. Cytologi...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1043/0003-9985(2000)124<1700:PTCRBC>2.0.CO;2
更新日期：2000-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The traditional normal range for prostate-specific antigen has been 0.0 to 4.0 ng/mL. Two different age-specific normal ranges have been proposed, one by Oesterling et al and the other generated by the Prostate Cancer Awareness Week experience. METHODS:We studied 213 consecutive cases of biopsy-proven prost...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Synovitic symptoms and radiologically documented cystic lesions in several carpal bones and distal radius developed two years after the implantation of silicone rubber scaphoid prosthesis for pseudoarthrosis. Open biopsy revealed granulomatous synovitis and osteitis and foreign material in carpal tissues. Ultrastructu...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:The cause for intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) occurring in early gestation in a high percentage of spontaneous abortions is unknown. OBJECTIVE:To determine the association, if any, of umbilical cord abnormalities with early IUFD. DESIGN:All cases of IUFD occurring within 16 weeks of gestation that presented ...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1043/1543-2165(2003)127<850:UCLIEI>2.0.CO;2
更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:- Pathologists routinely assess Ki67 immunohistochemistry to grade gastrointestinal and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Unfortunately, manual counts of the Ki67 index are very time consuming and eyeball estimation has been criticized as unreliable. Manual Ki67 counts performed by cytotechnologists could poten...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5858/arpa.2017-0203-OA
更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A modification to a rapid hot methenamine silver stain is described that shortens the silver staining step of the procedure to one to five minutes. It also eliminates the requirement to manipulate hot solutions. ...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:It has been suggested that localized Langerhans cell histiocytosis may represent an exaggerated form of a proliferative process that has been reported in a few patients with myasthenia gravis. To evaluate the relationship between thymic Langerhans' cell proliferation and myasthenia gravis, we analyzed a rare ...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We report a case of silicone-induced endocarditis as a newly recognized complication of transvenous cardiac pacing catheterization. Silicone was found embedded in thrombotic vegetations on the tricuspid valve of a patient who had a long-standing pacing catheter in the right side of his heart. Scanning electron microsc...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
