Abstract:
:Consciousness has evolved and is a feature of all animals with sufficiently complex nervous systems. It is, therefore, primarily a problem for biology, rather than physics. In this review, I will consider three aspects of consciousness: level of consciousness, whether we are awake or in a coma; the contents of consciousness, what determines how a small amount of sensory information is associated with subjective experience, while the rest is not; and meta-consciousness, the ability to reflect upon our subjective experiences and, importantly, to share them with others. I will discuss and compare current theories of the neural and cognitive mechanisms involved in producing these three aspects of consciousness and conclude that the research in this area is flourishing and has already succeeded to delineate these mechanisms in surprising detail.
journal_name
Psychol Medjournal_title
Psychological medicineauthors
Frith CDdoi
10.1017/S0033291719002204subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-09-04 00:00:00pages
1-13eissn
0033-2917issn
1469-8978pii
S0033291719002204pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:The significant proportion of schizophrenia patients refractory to treatment, primarily directed at the dopamine system, suggests that multiple mechanisms may underlie psychotic symptoms. Reinforcement learning tasks have been employed in schizophrenia to assess dopaminergic functioning and reward processing...
journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0033291718000041
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Cognitive deficits are a well-established feature of bipolar disorders (BD), even during periods of euthymia, but risk factors associated with cognitive deficits in euthymic BD are still poorly understood. We aimed to validate classification criteria for the identification of clinically significant cognitive...
journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0033291718001186
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Discrepancies between population-based estimates of the incidence of psychotic disorder and the treated incidence reported by early psychosis intervention (EPI) programs suggest additional cases may be receiving services elsewhere in the health system. Our objective was to estimate the incidence of non-affec...
journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0033291718002933
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s003329170002732x
更新日期:1994-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S003329171200058X
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Difficulties in set-shifting are commonly reported in both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and anorexia nervosa (AN) populations. Despite this, it is not known whether this cognitive profile persists across different ages, or whether the profiles seen in ASD and AN are comparable. This systematic review and meta-analys...
journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1017/S0033291716000581
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The rate of binocular rivalry has been reported to be slower in subjects with bipolar disorder than in controls when tested with drifting, vertical and horizontal gratings of high spatial frequency. METHOD:Here we assess the rate of binocular rivalry with stationary, vertical and horizontal gratings of low ...
journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0033291703007475
更新日期:2003-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1017/s0033291703001715
更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Feedback learning is essential for behavioral development. We investigated feedback learning in relation to behavior problems after pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHOD:Children aged 6-13 years diagnosed with TBI (n = 112; 1.7 years post-injury) were compared with children with traumatic control (...
journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0033291716000106
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0033291700034838
更新日期:1996-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S003329171600180X
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Within Beck's cognitive model of depression, little is known about the mechanism(s) by which activated self-schemas result in the production of negative thoughts. Recent research has demonstrated that inhibitory dysfunction is present in depression, and this deficit is likely valence-specific. However, wheth...
journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0033291707000530
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0033291716000787
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0033291700032116
更新日期:1979-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S003329171800079X
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is thought to be useful for chronic pain, with the pathology of the latter being closely associated with cognitive-emotional components. However, there are few resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI) studies. We used the independent component analysis m...
journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0033291717002598
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S003329172000361X
更新日期:2020-10-08 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The importance of genetic factors in the aetiology of manic-depressive illness (MDI) has been repeatedly confirmed and indicators of vulnerability to the illness in families with affective disorders are needed. Abnormal event-related potentials (ERP) may be markers of genetic vulnerability to mental illness....
journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0033291799001944
更新日期:2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:There is evidence that patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have mild hypocortisolism. The clinical significance of this is unclear. We aimed to determine whether hypocortisolism exerted any effect on the response of CFS to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). METHOD:We measured 24-h urinary free co...
journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0033291709990390
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The expressed emotion (EE) measure is a robust predictor of relapse in schizophrenia. At least twelve studies from a range of cultures have now shown this, although the authors of one maintain their findings are the result of confounding factors. A thirteenth study which failed to demonstrate a predictive effect was s...
journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/s0033291700009831
更新日期:1988-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S003329171200181X
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0033291719001314
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0033291715002184
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0033291716003627
更新日期:2017-01-19 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Expressed emotion (EE) measured from relatives and informal carers has been consistently demonstrated to be associated with clinical outcome in schizophrenic patients. There have also been published studies that have investigated EE in professional carers that have suggested that the quality of the relations...
journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0033291799001579
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Monthly hospital admission rates (HA) for mania were classified by sex, type of admission (first, or re-admission) and by country (England and Wales or Scotland). Of the 8 classes thus created, all but one showed a statistically significant annual cycle with a peak in Summer and trough in Winter. There was no signific...
journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s003329170001610x
更新日期:1978-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Stress and vulnerability likely interact to play a major role in psychosis. While much has been written about the neural diathesis-stress model in psychosis and its clinical risk states, little is known about HPA axis biomarkers in non-help-seeking individuals at familial high risk (FHR). We sought to prospe...
journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S003329171500077X
更新日期:2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The assessment of inter-regional functional connectivity (FC) has allowed for the description of the putative mechanism of action of treatments such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus accumbens in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Nevertheless, the possible FC alterations of othe...
journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0033291717002288
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A retrospective study of alcoholic psychoses is reported. The phenomena of the illnesses corresponded poorly with classical descriptions of alcoholic hallucinosis, delirium tremens and alcoholic paranoia. Alternative diagnostic approaches were tried (Catego, restrictive definition of alcoholic hallucinosis). The probl...
journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0033291700014331
更新日期:1978-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Transdiagnostic group cognitive-behavioral therapy (tCBT) is a delivery model that could help overcome barriers to large-scale implementation of evidence-based psychotherapy for anxiety disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of combining group tCBT with treatment-as-usual (TAU), com...
journal_title:Psychological medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0033291720004316
更新日期:2020-12-02 00:00:00