Abstract：
:Although many biotech products are successfully stored in the frozen state, there are cases of degradation of biologicals during freeze storage. These examples are discussed in the Perspective to emphasize the fact that stability of frozen biologicals should not be taken for granted. Frozen-state degradation (predominantly, aggregation) has been linked to crystallization of a cryoprotector in many cases. Other factors, for example, protein unfolding (either due to cold denaturation or interaction of protein molecules with ice crystals), could also contribute to the instability. As a hypothesis, additional freezing-related destabilization pathways are introduced in the paper, that is, air bubbles formed on the ice crystallization front, and local pressure and mechanical stresses due to volume expansion during water-to-ice transformation. Furthermore, stability of frozen biologicals can depend on the sample size, via its impact on the freezing kinetics (i.e., cooling rates and freezing time) and cryoconcentration effects, as well as on the mechanical stresses associated with freezing. We conclude that, although fundamentals of freezing processes are fairly well described in the current literature, there are important gaps to be addressed in both scientific foundations of the freezing-related manufacturing processes and implementation of the available knowledge in practice.
journal_name
J Pharm Scijournal_title
Journal of pharmaceutical sciencesauthors
Authelin JR,Rodrigues MA,Tchessalov S,Singh SK,McCoy T,Wang S,Shalaev Edoi
10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.062subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-01-01 00:00:00pages
44-61issue
1eissn
0022-3549issn
1520-6017pii
S0022-3549(19)30734-8journal_volume
109pub_type
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