Sympathetic Ophthalmia - a Contribution to Immunology, Clinic and Current Imaging.

Abstract:

BACKGROUND:Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) is a rare inflammation of an operated or injured eye that spreads to the fellow eye. It is typically a bilateral granulomatous panuveitis. The traumatized eye is referred to as inciting eye and the fellow eye as sympathizing eye. The pathophysiology of the disease is not entirely understood, but there is strong evidence of an autoimmune genesis. PATIENTS/MATERIAL AND METHODS:A selective literature search on epidemiology, immunology, clinical features and risk factors of SO was carried out. In addition, our own experience using multimodal imaging for this clinical entity was introduced. RESULTS:In the literature, the incidence after traumatic eye injuries is 0.1 - 3% and approximately 0.01% after intraocular surgery. Among the iatrogenic causes, vitreoretinal surgery has the highest rate of SO, presumably due to disruption of the blood-retinal barrier and involvement of retinal and choroidal tissue, which are susceptible to anterior traction, phthisis and chronic inflammation. In 90% of patients, the disease develops within a year following the eliciting event and is associated with a potentially bilateral risk of blindness. Typical symptoms include bilateral visual impairment with photophobia, dull pain and photopsia. The spectrum of clinical manifestations ranges from granulomatous anterior uveitis and vitritis, to choroiditis, serous retinal detachment and Dalen-Fuchs nodules in the context of posterior involvement. The diagnosis of SO is generally based on clinical presentation and is supported by imaging methods. These primarily comprise fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, which are increasingly being supplemented by non-invasive methods such as optical coherence tomography. They can provide important information for assessment of severity, differential diagnosis as well as for disease monitoring. The differential diagnosis includes i. a. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, ocular sarcoidosis and the rare phacoanaphylactic endophthalmitis. Immediate systemic high-dose steroid therapy is used as initial treatment. The course of the disease is often relapsing to chronic progressive. Immunomodulators such as ciclosporine A, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, and biologics are increasingly being used and contribute to the significantly better prognosis of the disease. Generally, SO can be triggered by any kind of intraocular intervention. CONCLUSION:SO remains a threatening clinical diagnosis that poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. It can be triggered post-traumatic, but also any intraocular surgery. This should be taken into account when assessing the indication for intraocular eye surgery, especially in eyes with reduced visual outcome. HINTERGRUND:Die sympathische Ophthalmie (SO) ist eine seltene Entzündung eines operierten oder verletzten Auges, die auf das Partnerauge übergreift. Es handelt sich meist um eine bilaterale granulomatöse Panuveitis. Das traumatisierte Auge wird als das sympathische/auslösende und das Partnerauge als das sympathisierende Auge bezeichnet. Die Pathophysiologie der Krankheit ist zwar nicht völlig geklärt, jedoch liegen deutliche Belege für eine autoimmune Genese vor. PATIENTEN/MATERIAL UND METHODEN:Es wurde eine selektive Literaturrecherche zur Epidemiologie, Immunologie, Klinik und Risikofaktoren der SO durchgeführt. Zusätzlich wurden eigene Erfahrung der multimodalen Bildgebung zu diesem Krankheitsbild eingebracht. ERGEBNISSE:Die Inzidenz der SO wird aktuell mit ca. 0,1 – 3% nach traumatischen Augenverletzungen und mit ca. 0,01% nach intraokularen Operationen angegeben. Unter den iatrogenen Ursachen weist die vitreoretinale Chirurgie die höchste Rate auf, vermutlich aufgrund einer Schrankenstörung mit Beteiligung retinalen und choroidalen Gewebes, die zu anteriorer Traktion, Phthisis und chronischer Entzündung führen. Bei 90% der Patienten entwickelt sich die Erkrankung innerhalb eines Jahres nach dem auslösenden Ereignis und geht mit einem potenziell bilateralen Erblindungsrisiko einher. Zu den typischen Beschwerden zählen beidseitige Sehstörungen mit Blendempfindlichkeit, dumpfen Schmerzen sowie Photopsien. Das Spektrum klinischer Manifestationen reicht von einer granulomatösen anterioren Uveitis und Vitritis, über Choroiditis bis zur serösen Ablatio retinae sowie Dalen-Fuchs-Knötchen im Rahmen der posterioren Beteiligung. Die Diagnose der SO basiert im Allgemeinen auf dem klinischen Bild und wird durch bildgebende Verfahren unterstützt. Diese umfassen vor allem die Fluorescein- und Indocyaningrünangiografie, die zunehmend durch nicht invasive Verfahren wie die optische Kohärenztomografie ergänzt werden. Sie können wichtige Hinweise zur Einschätzung des Schweregrades und differenzialdiagnostischen Abgrenzung sowie zum Monitoring der Therapie beitragen. In die Differenzialdiagnose müssen u. a. das Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada-Syndrom, die okuläre Sarkoidose und die seltene phakoanaphylaktische Endophthalmitis einbezogen werden. Als Therapie wird eine sofortige systemische Hochdosiskortisontherapie eingesetzt. Der Krankheitsverlauf ist häufig rezidivierend schubförmig bis chronisch progressiv. Immunmodulatoren wie Ciclosporin A, Azathioprin, Cyclophosphamid, Mycophenolat-Mofetil sowie Biologika kommen zunehmend zum Einsatz und haben zur deutlich besseren Prognose der Erkrankung beigetragen. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG:Die SO bleibt ein bedrohliches Krankheitsbild, das diagnostische und therapeutische Herausforderungen stellt. Sie kann posttraumatisch, aber auch bei jedem intraokularen Eingriff ausgelöst werden. Dies ist bei der Indikationsstellung ophthalmologischer Operationen, insbesondere bei Augen mit fehlender Visusprognose, zu berücksichtigen.

journal_name

Klin Monbl Augenheilkd

authors

Rua D,Pohlmann D,Pleyer U

doi

10.1055/a-1245-4373

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2020-09-01 00:00:00

pages

1060-1069

issue

9

eissn

0023-2165

issn

1439-3999

journal_volume

237

pub_type

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